Titanium tableware​Relevant domestic and foreign regulations on quality and safety

Regarding the quality and safety status of titanium alloy kitchen utensils, there are relevant regulations and standards at home and abroad.

1. Relevant domestic laws and regulations

In the early stage, the only metal products subject to domestic laws and regulations were stainless steel and aluminum. There is no domestic product standard or industry standard for Gr2 Pure Titanium Foil, and there is no monitoring data. After the introduction of the new national standard system for food contact materials, the metal materials and products for food contact are regulated according to GB 4806.9-2016 "National Food Safety Standard - Metal Materials and Products for Food Contact".

2. Relevant foreign laws and regulations

In foreign countries, the supervision of titanium alloy kitchen utensils is mainly included in the legal system of metal materials for food contact.

In the United States, the supervision of tableware, food processing equipment, and food and beverage dispensing equipment is mainly carried out in accordance with ANSI/NSF standards. In NSF/ANSI 51-2009 "Food Equipment Materials", the minimum public health and hygiene requirements are specified for the materials contacting food in the production and operation food equipment, and all "food area" materials are required to be free from intentionally added lead. , arsenic, cadmium, mercury composition.

According to the notice issued by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, the general requirements for metal materials for food containers and packaging are: when Ti 15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al Titanium Strip design and manufacture utensils, copper, lead, or their alloys that can be scraped shall not be on the utensils.

At present, at the EU level, there is no legally binding special directive or regulation for metal materials and products in contact with food. The European Council "Partial Agreement in the Field of Social and Public Health" only published a technical guideline on metals and alloys in contact with food in 2002.

Application Prospect of Titanium Alloy in Petroleum Industry

Titanium alloys are widely used in petroleum. In terms of current economic alternatives, there are mainly the following aspects.

At present, titanium alloy drill pipes of P110 steel grade have been produced in China. Compared with conventional ordinary steel S135 drill pipes, its advantages are as follows:

The large-reach well and horizontal well can be extended farther, and the density of titanium alloy is only 4.5g/cm3. The conventional density of drill pipe with the same wall thickness and length is 1.25g/cm3. The floating weight in the horizontal section of the drilling fluid is only 49% of that of the steel drill pipe. In this case, the frictional resistance is only about 50% of the ordinary drill pipe, and the friction torque of the pipe string is one of the core problems of the extended-reach well technology, which determines the maximum extension of the horizontal displacement, so the titanium alloy drill pipe It can be more beneficial to extended-reach wells and three-dimensional cluster horizontal wells. In the current situation of more and more factory drilling in China, titanium alloy drill pipe is used in a wider range.

Reduce ground equipment load

Due to the light weight of the titanium alloy forged ring the torque is reduced by nearly 50%, which effectively reduces the load of the ground top drive (turntable), which greatly reduces the probability of such damage, and the reduction of the load will also reduce the consumption of diesel.

Reduce hydraulic losses in joints

Titanium alloy drill pipe is light in weight and low in torque, and the processed drill pipe joint does not need to be strengthened like steel drill pipe. Usually, when φ127mm S135 drill pipe is used in horizontal wells, the inner diameter of the joint is reduced from φ82.55mm of G105 drill pipe to φ69. 85mm, titanium alloy drill pipe due to the reduction of torque, 80 steel grade drill pipe can achieve the strength effect of S135 steel grade at the same displacement (due to the 51% reduction in floating weight, the torque will also be reduced by 51%). The inner diameter of the drill pipe joint of X95 steel grade reaches φ88.9mm. The increase in the inner diameter of the joint can significantly reduce the cycle pressure loss.

Compared with the aluminum alloy drill pipe, the titanium alloy drill pipe has very prominent advantages. The performance of the titanium alloy and steel drill pipe joints is very similar, so the joint and the body can be made of the same material. In general, although the aluminum alloy drill pipe also has the characteristics of light weight, because the aluminum alloy is not resistant to wear and has low strength, the joint needs to be strengthened, and the joint is usually made of steel material, which results in a limited reduction in the weight of the drill pipe. Moreover, there is still a certain gap between the strength of aluminum alloy and high-strength steel, which can only reach about 2/3 of that of a complete set of titanium drill pipes. In addition, the material hardness of the aluminum alloy drill pipe is low, which causes serious scratches and wear on the body when the drill pipe collides with the well wall, so it is difficult to use. The titanium alloy drill pipe can effectively avoid this problem because the hardness of the body can be close to that of the steel drill pipe.

Titanium alloy parts processing occupies an important position in the machinery manufacturing industry

Titanium alloy has the advantages of low density, high specific strength, good corrosion resistance and good process performance, and is an ideal aerospace engineering structural material. Titanium and its alloys are replacing traditional aluminum alloys in many aerospace applications. Today, the aerospace industry consumes about 42% of total global production, and demand for titanium is expected to continue growing at a double-digit rate between now and 2010. The need for next-generation aircraft to take full advantage of the properties offered by titanium alloys is driving demand for titanium alloys in both the commercial and military aircraft markets. New models such as the Boeing 787, Airbus A380, F-22 Raptor, and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (also known as Lightning II) use a lot of titanium alloys. Advantages of titanium alloy materials Titanium alloys have high strength, high fracture toughness, and good corrosion resistance and weldability. With the increasing use of composite structures in aircraft fuselage, the proportion of titanium-based materials used in the fuselage will also increase, because the combination of titanium and composite materials is far better than aluminum alloys. For example: Compared to aluminum alloys, titanium alloys can increase the life of airframe structures by 60%.

Because titanium alloys are more difficult to machine than ordinary alloy steels, titanium alloys are generally considered to be difficult-to-machine materials. The metal removal rate of a typical titanium alloy is only about 25% of that of most common steel or stainless steel, so machining a Titanium Grade 2 Round Rod workpiece takes about 4 times as long as machining a steel workpiece. To meet the growing demand for titanium machining in the aerospace industry, manufacturers need to increase production capacity and therefore need a better understanding of the effectiveness of titanium machining strategies. The machining of a typical titanium alloy workpiece starts with forging until 80% of the material is removed to obtain the final workpiece shape.

With the rapid growth of the aviation parts market, manufacturers have felt powerless, and the increased processing demand due to the low processing efficiency of titanium alloy workpieces has led to a significant tension in the processing capacity of titanium alloys. Some leading companies in the aerospace manufacturing industry even openly questioned whether the existing machining capabilities could complete the processing tasks of all new titanium alloy workpieces. Because these workpieces are often made from new alloys, machining methods and tool materials need to be changed. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy has three different structural forms: a titanium alloy, a-b titanium alloy and b titanium alloy. Commercially pure titanium and a titanium alloys cannot be heat treated, but usually have good weldability; a-b titanium alloys can be heat treated, and most of them are also weldable; b and quasi-b titanium alloys can be fully heat treated, and generally also have Solderability.

The machining of titanium alloy parts occupies a very important position in the machinery manufacturing industry, and the machining of titanium alloy materials has always been a difficult point in the current processing technology. In order to meet the increasing demand for titanium alloy workpieces in aerospace, my country's titanium alloy cutting must make great progress. On the basis of domestic materials, machine tools and management conditions, it is important to further strengthen the optimization of the processing route of titanium alloy materials, the selection of processing parameters, and the improvement of processing efficiency and product quality, which are important to promote the development of the domestic titanium alloy industry and aerospace industry. factor. The inner cavity cylindrical surface finishing boring tool designed in this paper has a simple structure, is very convenient to manufacture and use, and solves the processing technology problem of the ball ring frame parts.

Problems Existing in the Processing of Titanium Alloy Fasteners

Corrosion problem. When installing titanium alloy fasteners, it is easy to form a certain gap, so that there will be surface paint inflow between metal air strikes, resulting in the fasteners being vulnerable to clothing during the production process. During subsequent use, the connection tightness will be affected. The main reason for the corrosion resistance of titanium alloy materials is that there is a protective oxide film on the surface. This film can effectively protect the titanium alloy inside the material from being oxidized, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy material.

Problems in turning. Titanium alloy materials are difficult to process materials and have poor thermal conductivity. The heat generated during machining does not diffuse through the part and machine structure, but is concentrated in the cutting area, where there is a strong notch sensitivity, which can lead to chipping and deformation; and dull cutting edges can generate even higher heat And further reduce the tool life. The high temperature generated during cutting will also cause the workpiece to harden continuously, which will affect the surface integrity of the titanium and may lead to inaccurate geometric accuracy of the part and severely reduce its fatigue strength. Generally speaking, in In reasonable machining conditions, the turning process is not difficult. If it is for mass production, continuous cutting, and cutting with a relatively large amount of metal removal, carbide tools need to be used; while forming cutting or cutting requires steel tools. Make reasonable adjustments and use cermet cutters if necessary.

Precision issues in machining Titanium Flat Washers. The precision requirements for machinery will be higher. In mechanical production, because the tool is in a state of working wear during each production process, and it is calibrated according to the program, the density of titanium alloy fasteners is higher, and the tool is easily worn during the machining process. Under the state, the tool is still processed according to the program, and it is easy to cause the precision of the compact part to be affected during the processing. If the precision of the fasteners is not strictly controlled within the error range during the entire processing process, the titanium alloy and other materials cannot be tightly connected during the use process, which will have a certain impact on the subsequent use and improve The precision of titanium alloy fasteners in the machining production process is a major problem that needs to be overcome in the production process. For example, the fastener process product shown in the figure is a product made in a high-precision production workshop, and the connection performance of this product is better.

Pipe cutting and beveling of titanium pipes!

With the continuous expansion of the application field of titanium tube, the consumption is also rising. Our titanium tubes have been used in construction, in order to make construction more scientific, we can provide users with high-performance titanium tubes.

Research on refractory materials for casting molds has always been linked to the crucible materials for smelting titanium tubes and titanium alloy tubes. Based on kinetic reasons, the crucible materials need to be in contact with the titanium liquid for a long time during smelting, and the titanium liquid and the titanium liquid are in contact with each other for a long time. The contact time of the holding material is much shorter, so the available crucible material can be used as a mold material for titanium alloy pipes.

Materials that have been studied include carbides, nitrides, borides, sulfides, oxides, rare earth oxides, fluorides, oxyfluorides, sulfur oxides, and refractory metals such as W and Mo. Only very few materials have high chemical stability to titanium liquid, including ThO2, certain rare earth oxides, TaB2, Npc, some rare earth sulfides and some rare earth oxyfluorides.

Pipe cutting and beveling processing of Grade 2 Pure Titanium Tube; pipe cutting and beveling processing should be carried out by mechanical processing methods in special workplaces. When processing, use clean water with non-polluting medium for cooling to prevent oxidation. Processing tools should be dedicated and kept clean to prevent iron contamination. The processed nozzle should ensure that the surface is smooth and free of defects such as cracks and heavy skins. The maximum inclination deviation of the cut plane shall not exceed 1% of the pipe diameter.

Introduction to the application of titanium alloy materials in the military industry!

Most of the aircraft materials in the world are made of titanium alloy, but the structure of the aircraft using titanium alloy is more stable, which greatly reduces the weight of the aircraft and increases its stability of the aircraft.

Titanium rods and titanium alloys have the characteristics of low density, high strength, high-temperature resistance, and low-temperature resistance. Titanium and titanium alloys are essential materials for the military industry. For example, the American f-22 can conduct supersonic cruise flights for a long time. The point is to lose weight while maintaining your own strength. Without titanium, the fighter's long-range combat capability is greatly reduced. titanium sheet metal

On the naval side, titanium alloys can help submarines penetrate deep into the sea without being crushed by powerful seawater. For example, Russia's "Serra" class nuclear submarines are made entirely of titanium alloy and can dive to 600 meters, which makes Western submarines intimidating. Of course, it is also expensive because of the large-scale use of titanium alloys, known as "goldfish". In addition, titanium is non-magnetic, and warships made of titanium alloys can effectively resist magnetic mines and have strong corrosion resistance.

Five flaw detection methods for titanium materials----ultrasonic flaw detection

The frequency range of sound waves that people's ears can directly receive is usually 20Hz to 20kHz, that is, the sound (sound) frequency. The frequency below 20 Hz is called infrasound, and the frequency above 20 kHz is called ultrasonic. In industry, ultrasonic waves of several megahertz are commonly used for flaw detection. When the ultrasonic frequency is high, the propagation linearity is strong, and it is easy to propagate in solids, and it is easy to reflect when it encounters the interface formed by two different media, so it can be used for flaw detection. Usually, the ultrasonic probe is in good contact with the surface of the workpiece to be detected, and the probe can effectively transmit ultrasonic waves to the workpiece and can receive the ultrasonic waves reflected from the (defect) interface, convert them into electrical signals, and then transmit them to the instrument for processing. According to the speed of ultrasonic propagation in the medium (often called the speed of sound) and the propagation time, the location of the defect can be known. When the defect is larger, the reflecting surface is larger, and the reflected energy is larger, so the size of each defect (equivalent) can be checked according to the size of the reflected energy. Commonly used flaw detection waveforms include longitudinal wave, transverse wave, surface wave, etc. The former two are suitable for detecting internal defects, and the latter is suitable for detecting surface defects, but they have high requirements on surface conditions. 6al4v titanium sheet

Titanium Clad Copper Plate

Titanium Clad Copper Plate: 

Technique: Rolled, Extrude, Explosive Cladding
Sheared Strength: ≥130 Mpa
Compact Rate: ≥98%
Clad Material: Ti
Base Material: Copper
Size: Custom sizes are available

Introduction of titanium and titanium alloy powder

titanium alloy powder generally includes three aspects, namely purity, particle size and particle shape. The purity of titanium powder is related to its particle size. For products of the same specification, the smaller the particle size, the lower the purity. Titanium powder particle size is divided into 4 grades, the particle size of 1000-50pm is coarse powder, 50-10pm is fine powder, 10-0.5pm is fine powder, and less than 0.5pm is ultrafine powder. In graded products, except for the requirements of special purposes, it is generally graded by oxygen content, that is, the lower the oxygen content, the better the quality and the higher the grade. Those with an oxygen content of less than 0.15% are high-quality titanium powders.

Specifications: 10 mesh, 20 mesh, 30 mesh, 35 mesh, 36 mesh, 40 mesh, 50 mesh, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 mesh, 120 mesh, 150 mesh, 160 mesh, 180 mesh, 250 mesh, 300 mesh , 325 mesh, 350 mesh, 400 mesh

Physical properties: Titanium powder is dark gray amorphous powder, boiling point ≤3000℃, melting point 1668℃±2℃, insoluble in water and organic solvents at room temperature. It is a non-magnetic metal, it will not be magnetized in a large magnetic field, and it is non-toxic and tasteless, and has good compatibility with human tissue and blood.

Chemical properties: It does not interact with water, dilute sulfuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid at room temperature, but can be etched by hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, and molten alkali. Titanium is soluble in hot hydrochloric acid and hot sulfuric acid, and also soluble in hydrofluoric acid. Or in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid (sulfuric acid). Titanium powder will increase the content of N, H, O, and C in the atmosphere. May explode if mixed with strong oxides.

Titanium powder has good corrosion resistance and is mostly used in aerospace industry, chemical corrosion-resistant materials, electric vacuum materials, alloy additives, etc. Titanium powder refers to titanium metal powder with a size of less than 1mm and an irregular shape, usually black and gray. Titanium powder has a large surface free energy. Therefore, it is more active than metal titanium blocks, and it is easier to react with other elements or compounds, resulting in oxidation, combustion and explosion. It is a dangerous product. Its purity and properties largely depend on the preparation method and its process conditions.

The main application areas of titanium in the chemical industry

1. Chlor-alkali industry

The earliest titanium in the chemical industry, the user is the chlor-alkali industry. These include the production of chlorine gas, oxychloride, pesticides, drift powder, etc., in the production of chlorine, titanium equipment and pipes account for almost a quarter of its total mass'. Such as metal anode electrolyzers, ion membrane electrolyzers and anolyte pumps, tubular wet chlorine coolers, chlorine wastewater dechlorination towers, chlorine cooling scrubbers, refined brine preheaters, pumps and valves for vacuum dechlorination, etc. .

2. Soda ash industry

In the production of soda ash, titanium materials are mainly used in the crystallization external cooler, the ammonia condenser at the top of the distillation column, the ammonium chloride mother liquor heater, the plate heat exchanger, the umbrella plate heat exchanger, the cooling pipe of the carbonization tower, and the carbon dioxide turbine compressor. Rotor impeller, lye pump, etc.

3. Vacuum salt industry

Titanium ammonia evaporator, titanium preheater, titanium precooler, titanium flange, titanium tube sheet, titanium pump casing and titanium elbow.

4. Petrochemical fiber

At present, petrochemical fiber enterprises such as polyester, nylon and vinylon, which are imported from abroad or domestically designed and manufactured by themselves, have used some titanium equipment. The application of titanium equipment has played a positive role in the development of chemical fiber production in my country, especially for safe, stable and continuous production, to improve product quality, to prevent premature corrosion and failure of stainless steel, to improve equipment service life, to reduce downtime and maintenance, and to improve comprehensive economic benefits. made a significant contribution.

5. Fine chemical industry

The industrial raw material of propylene oxide plant is a strong corrosive medium. The two main raw materials used in PO production are liquid chlorine and propylene. These strong corrosive media lay the foundation for corrosion of PO production equipment and pipelines. Production under this process conditions, such as carbon steel, Al, Cu, Ni, stainless steel, etc. No metal can resist corrosion, only titanium is an ideal corrosion-resistant metal material. Grade 3 Pure Titanium Foil

6. Inorganic salt industry

Inorganic salts mainly include chlorate and potassium salts. Domestic sodium chlorate production has developed rapidly in the past two years. The total production capacity has exceeded 1 million tons, and another about 500,000 tons is under expansion or preliminary work. The equipment made of titanium chlorate mainly includes electrolytic cells, titanium anodes, and reaction generators. , evaporator, etc., about 15t of titanium material is needed for every 10,000 t of sodium chlorate.

Potash products include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate, etc. At present, the total production capacity of potassium nitrate and potassium carbonate in China is about 600,000 tons. Evaporators, preheat tanks and coolers in the production of potassium nitrate and potassium carbonate require titanium equipment.

Application of Molybdenum Sputtering Target

In the electronics industry, molybdenum sputtering targets are mainly used for flat panel displays, electrical and wiring materials for thin-film solar cells, and barrier materials for semiconductors. These are based on molybdenum's high melting point, high electrical conductivity, lower specific impedance, better corrosion resistance, and good environmental performance.

In the past, the wiring material for flat-panel displays was mainly chrome, but as flat-panel displays increase in size and precision, materials with lower specific impedance are increasingly required. In addition, environmental protection is also an issue that must be considered. Molybdenum has the advantage of only 1/2 of the specific impedance and film stress of chromium, and there is no environmental pollution problem, so it has become one of the Sputtering Target materials for flat panel displays. In addition, the use of molybdenum in LCD components can greatly improve the performance of LCDs in terms of brightness, contrast, color and life.

In the flat panel display industry, the main market application of molybdenum sputtering targets is the TFT-LCD field. Market research shows that the next few years will be the peak period of LCD development, with an annual growth rate of about 30%. With the development of LCD, the consumption of LCD sputtering targets has also increased rapidly, with an annual growth rate of about 20%. In 2006, the demand for spherical molybdenum sputtering targets was about 700t, and in 2007, it was about 900t.

In addition to the flat panel display industry, with the development of the new energy industry, the application of molybdenum sputtering targets in thin-film solar photovoltaic cells is also increasing. The molybdenum sputtering target is mainly used to form the electrical layer of the CIGS copper indium gallium selenide) thin-film battery by sputtering. Mo is located in the bottom layer of the solar cell, and as the back contact of the solar cell, it plays a very important role in the nucleation, growth and morphology of the CIGS thin-film crystals.

Reasons for high strength and low density of titanium alloy screws

titanium metric screw have the characteristics of low density and high strength, and are generally used in places where weight and strength are required, but titanium alloy screws are not high-strength materials.

The high strength of titanium alloy screws is relative to steel screws. The density of titanium alloys is between 50% and 60% of steel, but the strength is equivalent to steel.

The hardness of the titanium alloy itself is very low, but the strength of the titanium alloy is very good, so the elastic modulus of the whole material is very small, and the small elastic modulus means the elasticity is large. In addition to the hardness of titanium alloy itself is higher than that of stainless steel, the weight of the finished product is much lighter than that of ordinary stainless steel screws. The wear resistance of titanium alloy screws and nuts is higher than that of ordinary stainless steel. The material stability of the alloy itself is also high and has good oxidation resistance.

Application of titanium valve in aerospace field and its materials

The high strength and low density of titanium and titanium alloys provide a broad space for their wide application in the aerospace field. Titanium alloys and their valve products are widely used in the aerospace field. Only in terms of the types of valves used, they mainly involve regulating valves, needle valves, etc., and more small-sized and non-standard design valves are mainly used. In the aviation field, the application of titanium alloy and its valve products is not only wide but also huge. Titanium alloy valves are widely used in various pipelines on aircraft. The types of valves involve regulating valves, globe valves, check valves, needle valves, plug valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, etc. The titanium materials used for valves include pure titanium ( Such as ASTMB367C2) and titanium alloy Ti-6AI-4V (ASTMB381F5), Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn, Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, etc., but pure titanium and Titanium Threaded Forged Fitting Ti-6A1-4V is more common. The titanium valve used in the aviation field uses Ti-6AI-4V as its fastener material in the United States, and BT16 in Russia.

Surface treatment of titanium:

1. Enhanced corrosion resistance treatment:

Atmospheric oxidation treatment and anodization treatment; not only can improve corrosion resistance, but also prevent hydrogen embrittlement; in addition, there are platinum plating, palladium oxide/titanium oxide treatment;

2. Improve wear resistance:

Nitriding is carried out at high temperature (800-900 degrees) to make the surface Vickers hardness as high as 700 or more; through surfacing, adding an appropriate amount of nitrogen or oxygen into argon, the surface hardness can be increased by 2-3 times; Through ion plating, a layer of titanium nitride is formed on the surface, with a thickness of about 5 microns, and the surface Vickers hardness is as high as 16000-20000 chrome plating, etc. Through the above simple understanding of titanium metal and its alloys, we will also understand titanium and its alloys. Its alloys play some roles in the production of circuit boards, and will be enlightening in terms of use and maintenance; grade 7 titanium alloy plate metal is the third largest future application prospect after magnesium and aluminum as a wide range of metals!

Among biomedical metal materials, titanium and its alloys are widely used in artificial joints, bone trauma products, spinal orthopedic internal fixation systems, dental implants, dental trays, artificial heart valves, interventional cardiovascular stents, etc. The preferred material for implant products, at present, there is no better metal material than titanium material for clinical use. In the past 10 years, the market growth rate of biomedical materials and products has been maintained at about 20-25%. It is expected that in the next 10-15 years, the medical device industry, including biomedical materials, will reach the scale of the pharmaceutical products market and become the 21st century. pillar industry of the world economy.

Titanium rods and Titanium Condenser Tubes alloy materials have been widely used in biomedicine, daily necessities, and industrial fields in recent years. This project adopts the new technology of titanium alloy surface modification (PTO process) with independent intellectual property rights and international advanced level, which significantly improves the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, Surface modification makes titanium materials more widely used. PTO technology is an environment-friendly high-tech with high efficiency, energy saving and resource saving.

Surface treatment methods for titanium and titanium alloy forgings: grinding, polishing, coloring

The density of titanium alloy is small, so the inertia of titanium liquid is small when flowing, and the poor fluidity of molten titanium leads to low casting flow rate. The temperature difference between the casting temperature and the casting mold (300℃) is large, the cooling is fast, and the casting is carried out in a protective atmosphere. The surface and interior of the titanium casting inevitably have defects such as pores, which have a great impact on the quality of the titanium casting. The following describes titanium alloy forgings surface treatment method.

1. Removal of the surface reaction layer

The surface reaction layer is the main factor affecting the physical and chemical properties of the titanium casting. Before the titanium casting is ground and polished, the surface contamination layer must be completely removed in order to achieve a satisfactory polishing effect. The surface reaction layer of titanium can be completely removed by pickling after sandblasting.

Surface treatment method of titanium alloy forgings

1. Sandblasting: The sandblasting treatment of titanium castings is generally better to use white corundum for rough blasting, and the pressure of sandblasting is smaller than that of non-precious metals, generally controlled below 0.45Mpa. Because, when the injection pressure is too large, the sand particles impact the titanium surface to generate intense sparks, and the temperature rise can react with the titanium surface, resulting in secondary pollution and affecting the surface quality. The time is 15 to 30 seconds, only to remove the sticky sand, surface sintered layer and part of the oxide layer on the surface of the casting. The rest of the surface reaction layer structure should be quickly removed by chemical pickling.

2. Pickling: Pickling can quickly and completely remove the surface reaction layer, and the surface will not be polluted by other elements. Both HF-HCl series and HF-HNO3 series pickling solutions can be used for titanium pickling, but HF-HCl series pickling solution has a large hydrogen absorption capacity, while HF-HNO3 series acid washing solution has a small hydrogen absorption capacity, which can control HNO3 The concentration of HF can reduce the absorption of hydrogen, and the surface can be brightly treated. Generally, the concentration of HF is about 3%~5%, and the concentration of HNO3 is about 15%~30%.

2. Treatment of casting defects

Internal pores and shrinkage holes Internal defects: can be removed by hot isostatic pressing, but it will affect the accuracy of dentures. It is best to use X-ray inspection to remove exposed pores on the surface and use laser repair welding. Surface porosity defects can be directly repaired by laser local welding.

3. Grinding and polishing

1. Mechanical grinding: Grade 2 Titanium Round Bar has high chemical reactivity, low thermal conductivity, high viscosity, low mechanical grinding and grinding ratio, and is easy to react with abrasives. Ordinary abrasives are not suitable for grinding and polishing titanium. It is better to use good thermal conductivity. For superhard abrasives, such as diamond, cubic boron nitride, etc., the polishing line speed is generally 900~1800m/min.

2. Chemical polishing: Chemical polishing is the purpose of leveling and polishing through the redox reaction of metal in chemical medium. The advantage is that chemical polishing has nothing to do with the hardness of the metal, the polishing area and the structural shape, and all the parts in contact with the polishing liquid are polished, no special complex equipment is required, the operation is simple, and it is more suitable for the polishing of complex structure titanium denture brackets. However, the process parameters of chemical polishing are difficult to control, and it is required to have a good polishing effect on the denture without affecting the accuracy of the denture.

4. Coloring

In order to increase the beauty of titanium dentures and prevent the discoloration of titanium dentures from continued oxidation under natural conditions, surface nitriding treatment, atmospheric oxidation and anodizing surface coloring treatment can be used to make the surface light yellow or golden yellow, and improve the quality of titanium dentures. beauty. The anodic oxidation method utilizes the interference effect of the titanium oxide film on light to naturally develop color, and can form colorful colors on the titanium surface by changing the cell voltage.

Briefly describe what kind of metal titanium alloy is

Ultra-Thin Titanium Alloy Sheet are composite metal materials. Its main basic component is titanium, and then some other elements are added and then combined, and the combined material is titanium alloy, so it is called a combined metal material. However, after adding some other elements, the finished titanium alloy is mainly silver-gray and silver-white.

The properties of titanium are related to the content of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen contained. The titanium alloy impurity content of the lips cannot exceed 0.1%, but its strength is low and its plasticity is high.

1. The proportion of titanium alloys used in the aerospace field is actually very high. In the current western countries, when titanium alloys are used, 60% of titanium alloys are used in the aerospace field, mainly because they are used in the aviation industry. Titanium alloy is closely related to the cycle of air and the heating and cooling of aviation.

2. Titanium alloy materials are also used in the cars we usually drive. For example, some heavy-duty vehicles we have seen, including some racing cars, also use titanium alloy materials. However, using titanium alloy materials in automobiles can effectively reduce fuel consumption and even the exhaust emissions generated in vehicles. Effective control is also formed.

Application areas of titanium alloy capillaries

The capillary titanium alloy pipe is atomized by pyrogen and the granules in the molten state are severely attacked at a high speed to the surface of the cleaned and unsmooth substrate to produce the required coating. The moment the particles hit the surface of the substrate hard, it will be deformed, and with the help of the "England" effect, a coating with a lamellar structure is produced. With many "overlapping continuous accumulation" of plastic deformation particles, the fusion between particles should be mostly mechanical equipment, and there must be a certain number of holes. In addition, if painting is carried out in the air, there is likely to be metal in the coating. mixed with oxides.

Titanium tubes are mainly used to make aero-engine compressor components, followed by rockets, cruise missiles and structural parts of high-speed airports. In the middle and late 1960s, titanium and aluminum alloys have been used in general industrial production to make electric grades for electrolytic industrial production, coolers in power plants, electric heaters for crude oil refining and seawater desalination equipment and their air pollution. Manipulating equipment, etc. Titanium and aluminum alloys have become a corrosion-resistant structural raw material. In addition, it is also used to produce hydrogen storage raw materials and shape memory alloys.

Capillary titanium alloy tube is a new key structural raw material used in aerospace industry production. Its proportion, compressive strength and application temperature are close to the middle of aluminum and steel, but it has high specific strength and excellent sea surface corrosion resistance and low temperature characteristics. In 1950, the United States used the F-84 fighter-bomber for the first time as a non-stressed prefabricated component such as the rear shell insulation material, wind deflector, and tail rudder cover. In the 1960s, the application position of Grade 9 Ti3Al2.5V Titanium Tube was gradually changed from the rear shell to the middle shell, and part of the structural steel was replaced to manufacture key prefabricated components such as bulkheads, beams, and flap guides. The use of titanium alloys in military aircraft has increased rapidly, reaching 20% ​​to 25% of the net weight of the airport structure. Since the 1970s, titanium alloys have been gradually used in civil aircraft. For example, the amount of titanium used in Boeing 747 passenger aircraft reaches more than 3640KG. Titanium for airports with Mach numbers lower than 2.5 is mainly to better replace steel to ease the net weight of the structure. Another example is the American SR-71 high-speed fighter plane (the flight Mach number is 3, and the aircraft flight altitude is 2621 two meters), titanium accounts for 93% of the net weight of the airport structure, which is called "all titanium" airport.

When the thrust-to-weight ratio of the aircraft engine is increased from 4 to 6 to 8 to 10, and the temperature of the compressor inlet and outlet is increased from 200 to 300 °C to 500 to 600 °C, the bottom pressure compressor discs and blades originally made of aluminum It is necessary to change to titanium alloy, or use titanium tube instead of stainless steel plate to manufacture high-pressure compressor discs and blades to reduce the net weight of the structure. In the 1970s, the use of titanium tubes in aircraft engines generally accounted for 20% to 30% of the total weight of the structure, and it was mainly used to manufacture compressor components, such as forged titanium cooling fans, compressor discs and blades, cast titanium compressors Receiver, intermediary company receiver, rolling bearing housing, etc. The space shuttle mainly uses the high specific strength, corrosion resistance and cold resistance properties of titanium tubes to manufacture a variety of high-pressure containers, natural material storage tanks, standard parts, equipment bandages, structures and rocket casings. Synthetic earth communication satellites, lunar modules, manned spacecraft and spacecraft also use titanium tube sheets for welding.

Application prospect of titanium alloy in biomedical field

With the development of the national economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the trend of population aging has become increasingly prominent, and diseases and accidental injuries have increased year by year. As an important branch of human tissue and organ regeneration and repair materials, biomedical titanium alloy materials have huge market prospects.

It should be clearly understood that my country's titanium alloy manufacturers still have a certain gap with the world's advanced level in terms of biomedical titanium alloy material design, preparation, and processing, surface treatment, product design, and manufacturing. Low cost, safety, and effectiveness will be an important direction for the application research of biomedical titanium alloys. The following issues are worthy of attention in future applications.

1. Optimize the composition design of medical titanium alloys

By improving the existing alloy system and creating a new alloy system, the development of low elastic modulus, reasonable matching of strength and toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and excellent biological and mechanical compatibility, can meet the needs of human soft and hard tissue repair and replacement New medical titanium alloy material for clinical application.

2. Innovative preparation method of medical titanium alloy materials

Establish and improve advanced theories and methods for the processing and preparation of medical titanium alloy materials, continuously deepen or innovate the preparation methods of porosity, micro-nano, amorphization, and ultra-fine crystallization of materials, and obtain special structures and structures through new preparation methods. Endow the material with biological functionalization and intelligence, and realize the optimization and upgrading of medical titanium alloy materials.

3. Expand research on surface modification of medical titanium alloys

Through the study of the mechanism of action between the titanium alloy and the base metal and the dual interface between the Tantalum Sputtering Target and human tissues or body fluids, find and screen various inorganic materials, polymer materials and cytokines to modify the surface of titanium alloys to improve their surface properties and structure. Structure, improve wear and corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and bioactivity and other performance.

4. Improve the technical level of material production and processing

At present, domestic processing technologies such as medical titanium alloy thick-walled tubes and titanium-nickel alloy capillaries are not very mature, and most of them need to be imported from abroad. Therefore, we especially need to master the core key technologies of titanium sheet metal processing, strengthen the construction of quality control system, and improve the consistency of product performance. properties, reduce processing and manufacturing costs, and further meet the manufacturing needs of medical titanium alloy products.

5. Strengthen product design and processing

It is the general trend to use advanced processing technologies such as precision casting, precision CNC machining, and micro-machining for the processing of medical devices. In particular, digital 3D reconstruction technology has become a hot spot in recent years. According to the patient's defect, the technology uses 3D CT. The examination results simulate the natural form, and rely on CT data processing for medical 3D reconstruction. Through the surface drawing of natural curved surfaces, computer graphics and image-aided design, and digital manufacturing of titanium alloys, the patient can be accurately designed and prefabricated with laser forming technology. Personalized instruments , has the advantages of customizability, strong consistency, less process, short cycle and so on. This is a revolutionary progress, marking the entry of titanium alloy instruments into the digital age, and will become one of the key development directions in the field of titanium alloy biomedicine.

Anti-fatigue Surface Modification of Titanium Alloys

While meeting the lightweight requirements of aerospace vehicles, titanium alloy parts also need to meet the requirements of long life and high reliability, which requires titanium alloy parts to have good fatigue resistance. However, medical titanium plate is a typical difficult-to-machine material. Adhesive wear of the tool during machining may cause complex surface stress. In addition, its poor thermal conductivity leads to a local temperature rise. Therefore, it is difficult to control the surface integrity of titanium alloy parts after machining. The industry uses a large number of anti-fatigue surface modifications (or surface deformation strengthening technology, Surfacemechanicaltreatment) to improve the surface integrity of titanium alloy parts, thereby achieving a long life and high-reliability requirements. In the anti-fatigue surface modification, mechanical shot peening (Shotpeening) and laser shock peening (Laser shock peening or Laserpeening) have strong structural adaptability and are widely studied in the industry. A series of researches have also been carried out on some surface strengthening technologies adapted to special structures, such as Cold expansion adapted to pore structures and Ultrasonic impact treatment or Ultrasonic impact peening adapted to welded structures.

The surface reaction layer of the titanium plate and titanium rod can be completely removed by pickling after sandblasting.

In addition to physical and mechanical polishing, there are two types of reaction layers on the surface of Grade 3 Pure Titanium Plate and titanium rods: 1. Chemical polishing, 2. Electrolytic polishing.

1. Chemical polishing:

During chemical polishing, the purpose of leveling and polishing is achieved through the redox reaction of metal in the chemical medium. The advantage is that chemical polishing has nothing to do with the hardness of the metal, the polishing area, and the structural shape, and all the parts in contact with the polishing liquid are polished, no special complicated equipment is required, and the operation is simple, and it is more suitable for the polishing of titanium denture brackets with complex structures. However, the process parameters of chemical polishing are difficult to control, and it is required to have a good polishing effect on the denture without affecting the accuracy of the denture. A better titanium chemical polishing solution is prepared by HF and HNO3 in a certain proportion. HF is a reducing agent, which can dissolve titanium metal and play a leveling role. The concentration is less than 10%. HNO3 plays an oxidizing role to prevent excessive dissolution of titanium and hydrogen absorption. , at the same time can produce bright effect. Titanium polishing liquid requires high concentration, low temperature and short polishing time (1-2min).

2. Electrolytic polishing:

Also known as electrochemical polishing or anodic dissolution polishing, due to the low conductivity and strong oxidation performance of titanium alloy tubes, it is almost impossible to polish titanium with aqueous acidic electrolytes such as HF-H3PO4 and HF-H2SO4 electrolytes. After the external voltage, the Grade 12 Titanium Sheet is oxidized immediately, so that the anode dissolution cannot be carried out. However, the use of anhydrous chloride electrolyte at low voltage has a good polishing effect on titanium. Small specimens can be mirror polished, but for complex restorations, the purpose of complete polishing can still not be achieved. It may be possible to change the shape of the cathode and add an additional cathode. The method can solve this problem, and further research is needed.