Analysis of Common Faults in Surface Quality of Titanium Alloy Products

In the application of various titanium alloy products, forgings are mostly used in gas turbine compressor discs and medical artificial bones that require high strength, high toughness, and high reliability. Therefore, not only high dimensional accuracy is required for forgings, but also materials with excellent characteristics and high stability are required. For this reason, it is necessary to give full play to the characteristics of titanium alloys in the manufacturing process of titanium forgings to obtain high-quality forgings. Titanium alloy is difficult to forge and is prone to cracks. Therefore, the most important thing in the production of titanium alloy forgings is to properly control the forging temperature and plastic deformation.

Application fields of titanium alloy forgings

1) Aerospace field

50% of the world's titanium materials are used in the aerospace field. 30% of the body of military aircraft uses titanium alloy, and the amount of titanium in civil aircraft is gradually increasing. According to reports, the amount of titanium used by Boeing 787 aircraft has reached more than 15%. The representative of titanium alloy for body is Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which has the highest reliability. The near β-type high-strength and high-toughness titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has been used in the landing gear components of Boeing 777 aircraft, and the A380 has been discussing the use of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy large forgings as the transmission device of the main landing gear.

If it can be practical, this will be the largest titanium forging with a length of 7m. In aircraft engines, titanium alloy is also an indispensable material, mainly used for fan and compressor parts whose temperature is below 853K. Typical parts used are fan blades, casings, discs, compressor blades, discs, stub shafts, casings, etc. In the aerospace field, titanium alloy forgings are used in the fuel tanks of rocket and satellite propulsion engines, the shells of attitude control engines, the blades of liquid fuel turbo pumps and the inlet section of suction pumps. Most of these parts use low-interstitial element type Ti-5Al-2.5SnELI alloy with excellent low temperature toughness.

2) Turbine blades for power generation

Increasing the length of the blades of the steam turbine for thermal power generation is an effective measure to improve the power generation efficiency, but the lengthening of the blades will increase the load of the rotor. The use of titanium alloy forgings as blades can reduce the load, and the use of 1m long Ti-6Al-4V alloy blades in the final section of a high-speed rotating steam turbine has been put into practical use in 1991.
Grade 36 Titanium Bar     Gr9 Ti-3Al-2.5V Titanium Wire     titanium tube grade 9     Grade 12 Titanium Pipe

What are the characteristics of titanium rods?

We all know that the target material is the target material bombarded by high-speed energetic particles. Sputtering targets are mainly used in the electronics and information industries, such as integrated circuits, information storage, liquid crystal displays, laser storage, electronic control devices, etc.; it can also be used in the field of glass coating; it can also be used in wear-resistant materials, high temperature and corrosion resistance , High-end decorative products and other industries.

There are many types of target materials, including metals, alloys, oxides, etc., which are used in different industries and are widely used. So what are the common metal targets? Are sputtering targets lacking resources? Let's take a look together.

The types of common metal targets are as follows:

Conventional metal targets: Magnesium Mg, Manganese Mn, Iron Fe, Cobalt CO, Nickel Ni, Copper Cu, Zinc Zn, Lead Pd, Tin Sn, Aluminum AL

Small metal targets Indium In, Germanium Ge, Gallium Ga, Antimony Sb, Bismuth Bi, Cadmium Cd

Refractory metal targets Ti Ti, Zirconium Zr, Hafnium Hf, Vanadium V Niobium Nb, Tantalum Ta, Ming Cr, Molybdenum Mo, Tungsten W, Rhenium Re

Noble metal targets: Gold Au, silver Ag, palladium Pd, platinum Pt, iridium lr, ruthenium Ru, rhodium Rh, osmium Os

Semi-metal target carbon C, boron B, tellurium Te, selenium Se

Whether the sputtering target is a scarce resource

Rare metals usually refer to metals that are less in content or sparsely distributed in nature. They are difficult to extract from raw materials, and they are relatively late in industrial preparation and application. But it has a wide range of uses in modern industry. China is rich in rare metal resources. The proven reserves of tungsten, titanium, rare earths, vanadium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, lithium, and beryllium are among the highest in the world. China is gradually establishing a rare metal industrial system.

Rare light metals include lithium Li, rubidium Rb, cesium Cs, and beryllium Be. The specific gravity is small and the chemical activity is strong.

Rare refractory metals include titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten. The melting point is higher, and the melting point of the compounds formed with carbon, nitrogen, silicon, boron, etc. is also higher.

Rare scattered metals are abbreviated as rare scattered metals, including gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, rhenium, selenium and tellurium. Most of it occurs in minerals of other elements.

Rare rare earth metals are abbreviated as rare earth metals, including scandium, yttrium and lanthanides. Their chemical properties are very similar and are associated with each other in minerals.

Rare radioactive metals include naturally occurring francium, radium, polonium and actinium, thorium, protactinium, and uranium in actinide series metals, as well as artificially manufactured technetium, promethium, actinium series other elements and elements 104 to 107.

The above classification is not very strict. Some rare metals can be included in this category or in another category. For example, rhenium can be included in the rare metals can also be included in the rare refractory metals.

However, it is not difficult to see from the above description that the metal components of sputtering targets for some special applications are indeed scarce resources.
Titanium Grade 2 Round Bar     Gr2 Pure Titanium Tube     Titanium Rotary Sputtering Target     titanium alloy sheet

In addition to high strength and good corrosion resistance, Gr5 titanium alloy has other characteristics.

In the chemical industry and other application fields, high requirements are placed on semi-finished products and processed parts of titanium or titanium alloys. Therefore, in the fields of aviation and aerospace, the cost of developing inspection instruments and monitoring devices is particularly high. The price of the parts has a big impact. Titanium alloy has the highest tensile plasticity and can be welded in various ways. It can be used for a long time at a temperature of up to 250 degrees Celsius. It is mainly used to manufacture various structural parts of aircraft and engines that are not stressed. Industrial pure titanium has good plasticity, can form various sheet metal stamping parts in a cold state, and has relatively high corrosion resistance. Ti5Al2.5Sn titanium alloy has a moderate room temperature tensile strength (800 degrees Celsius 1000MPa and good welding performance. Compared with industrial pure titanium, the new titanium alloy mainly includes various grades of industrial pure titanium and widely used Ti5Al2.5Sn For titanium alloys, the room temperature tensile strength of industrial pure titanium fluctuates in the range of 350 degrees Celsius and 700 MPa. Ti5Al2.5Sn alloy has slightly lower plasticity and higher thermal strength, and the long-term working temperature can be as high as 450 degrees Celsius.

With the rapid development of cutting-edge science and technology such as aviation, aerospace, nuclear energy, etc., the requirements for materials are becoming more and more stringent. Not only are the materials used for manufacturing these equipment parts to be corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant, and anti-fretting, but also require high-end resistance. temperature. It is necessary to pay attention to the long-term test, in many places, before the large-scale application of titanium to the chemical industry. Under the test conditions, cooperate to test its service life and material structure. If the lack of safety (immaturity) due to the use of conventional structural data is mostly indicated and the economic benefits are not great, then the first step is to gradually develop titanium and titanium alloys, as well as the development of high-level technology in the field of structural data in recent decades. Various other mature new materials. Therefore, the military sector has developed faster in the application field of titanium and its alloys than in the civilian field.

In many industrial media, rare earth metals and precious metals are often mainly used for stability, or materials such as stainless steel can only reach a certain limit in corrosion resistance. Most application fields use titanium to obtain benefits due to its low density, corrosion resistance, and high strength. So far. Moreover, the consumption cost is relatively high, so the application of titanium or titanium alloy can obtain relatively high corrosion resistance. The creep characteristics of hard titanium at temperatures exceeding 150T surpass that of aluminum and its alloys. Considering that compared with other materials, titanium alloys have the advantages of unique creep characteristics under low-density conditions. It is found that hard titanium is used in aircraft manufacturing and missile manufacturing. The importance of application. The earliest application of titanium and titanium alloys is the aviation industry. Recently, the aviation industry has become increasingly urgent for high-strength and low-density materials, which greatly promotes the development of titanium manufacturing.
Grade 7 Titanium Bar     Grade 23 Titanium Wire     titanium welded pipe     Grade 23 Titanium Pipe

What are the advantages of titanium alloy board compared with other material sheets?

Titanium alloys are widely used because of their series of excellent properties. However, titanium alloys have high friction coefficients, are very sensitive to adhesive wear and fretting wear, have poor wear resistance, are easy to catch fire at high temperature and high-speed friction, and have relatively poor resistance to high-temperature oxidation. The shortcomings seriously affect the safety and reliability of its structure and greatly limit its application. Therefore, improving the surface properties of titanium alloys such as wear resistance, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. In addition to improving the alloy composition and preparation process, surface modification of titanium alloys is currently the most effective method.

In recent years, electron beam surface treatment technology has developed rapidly. When the electron beam with high energy density acts on the surface of the material, the surface of the material has physical, chemical, or mechanical properties that are difficult to achieve by conventional methods, and the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the material surface is significantly improved. And high-temperature oxidation resistance. A domestic engineering technology company used pulsed high-current low-energy electron beams for surface treatment of titanium alloys and achieved good results.

The material used in the experiment is TA15 titanium alloy (Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V). After the surface of the sample is polished, the surface is modified with a high-current pulsed electron beam. The electron beam acceleration voltage is 27kV, the target distance is 80mm, and the pulse The number of times is 10, and the pulse interval is 45s.

The hardness test of the obtained sample shows that as the depth increases, the hardness value first decreases and then increases, and finally tends to a fixed value. This special oscillating curve distribution can be explained as: under the pulsed high-energy rapid irradiation, a heating shock wave will sprout in the energy absorbing layer of the material, and it will be reflected back when it encounters the interface. Multiple irradiations cause interference and superposition of stress waves with each other, presenting a complex stress distribution state, and causing a special distribution of cross-section microhardness.

The wear volume of the sample after electron beam treatment is 3 times higher than that of the original sample, indicating that the wear resistance of TA15 titanium alloy after electron beam treatment is improved. The reasons may be the following three aspects:

(1) The high energy of the electron beam is instantly deposited in a small area of ​​the subsurface layer of the material, so that the material quickly rises to the phase transition temperature or the melting temperature, and then the heat conduction of the matrix achieves ultra-high-speed cooling (about 109K/s) to make the material surface The quenching effect occurs, which plays a role of solid solution strengthening, so the wear resistance of the surface is improved;

(2) The electron beam rapid solidification process will refine the grains of the surface layer of the material, thereby improving the wear resistance of the material;

(3) When the electron beam pulse acts on the surface of the material, the temperature begins to rise rapidly. As the rapid outward thermal expansion of the material surface is constrained, an inwardly propagating compressive thermal stress wave is generated. The residual stress forms a compressive stress distribution, which is beneficial to improve wear resistance.
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Titanium screw selection skills

The actual use value of titanium alloy plates: Titanium alloy plates have always been favored by people for their good physical properties, lightweight, beautiful appearance, durability, easy recycling of materials, high reuse rate, and no pollution. However, due to titanium The high price of alloy plates, poor wear resistance, and other factors directly affect the large-scale use of titanium alloy plates. Therefore, how to reduce the price of titanium alloy materials and improve the wear resistance of titanium alloys has become the development direction of titanium alloy materials in the future.

Titanium alloy has high strength, low density, corrosion resistance, long service life, and high waste recycling price. After being scrapped, the value of titanium scrap is still equivalent to more than 60% of the purchase value of raw materials. It can be said that titanium material is the least wasteful material, and the green environmental protection of titanium will not cause any adverse impact on the environment;

Titanium alloy is rich in resources and ranks third in the storage on the earth. It can be said to be inexhaustible and inexhaustible. Therefore, the high cost of titanium alloy plate is only the first time the investment is relatively large, but if you use it for many years, you can calculate it carefully. In the end, the titanium alloy plate is regarded as an economical and practical ideal material.

In order to improve the performance and grade of existing doors and windows in some domestic home furnishing industries, they have changed the low-level structure that only pursued labor-saving, material-saving, and low-price in the past, and realized the goal of shifting from sliding windows to better-performing casement windows. A transition from the main to realize diversified system designs such as single-layer, double-layer, three-layer, small opening, and large fixing. At the same time, attention should be paid to the selection of frame materials, glass, spacers, and sealants for titanium alloy doors.

Titanium alloy doors can use TC4 and titanium plates to make door edges, handles, spoke reinforcement rings, and ribs. Nowadays, some high-end villas have begun to use titanium alloy doors. After a long period of time, it has been proved that the use effect is very good, and the expected design goals have been fully achieved, adding beautiful scenery to people's lives and the environment.
Grade 7 Titanium Bar     Grade 23 Titanium Wire     titanium welded pipe     Grade 23 Titanium Pipe

Hot working properties and industrial application of TC4 titanium alloy

Titanium and titanium alloy strip production is a process in which titanium and titanium alloy are processed into rectangular single sheets or coils through smelting, ingot casting, flat roll rolling, heat treatment and finishing processes.

The industrial production of titanium alloy strips in the world began in the early 1950s, and now it can produce strips with a roll weight of 4 to 5t and thick plates with a width of 4.2m. China started the production of titanium strips in the late 1950s, and built a larger titanium processing plant in the mid-1960s, forming a production system. The products have been serialized and can produce plates with a thickness of 0.3 to 30 mm and a thickness of 0.01. ~2.0mm strip.

Smelting and ingot casting Titanium has a high melting point and is chemically active. It is easy to interact with air and refractory materials at high temperatures or in a molten state. Titanium and titanium alloys are usually melted in a copper crucible cooled by water or liquid metal under a vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. At present, the most widely used in the production of titanium ingots is vacuum consumable electrode arc furnace smelting.

After mixing a certain proportion of sponge titanium, return material and alloy elements uniformly, they are pressed into a block (called electrode block) on a hydraulic press, and then the electrode block is welded into an electrode (rod) by a plasma welding method. In the electric arc furnace, it is remelted to form an ingot. In order to ensure the uniform composition of the ingot, the particle size of the added alloy elements, return material and sponge titanium are all controlled within a certain range, and vacuum remelting is adopted three times. Industrial-scale smelted titanium alloy ingots are generally 3-6t, and large-scale ingots reach 15t. Usually, the ingots melted by the vacuum consumable electrode arc furnace are round. In recent years, other methods, such as plasma smelting, electron beam smelting, shell smelting and electroslag smelting, have also been used to melt titanium alloy slabs and square ingots. For example, Japan uses a plasma beam furnace to smelt slabs weighing 3t, which are directly used for rolling strips.

Forging is the main method to break the as-cast crystal structure, improve material properties and obtain slabs of a certain size and shape. During the heating process before the slab forging, the titanium alloy easily reacts strongly with air to form an oxide scale and a getter layer, which reduces the plasticity and other properties of the material. Therefore, induction heating or heating in a room-shaped resistance furnace with good airtightness is often used. When using a flame furnace for heating, the furnace should be kept in a micro-oxidizing atmosphere, and a protective layer can also be coated on the surface of the ingot, or heated in an inert gas. Titanium alloys have low thermal conductivity. When heating large cross-sections or high-alloyed ingots, in order to prevent ingot cracking that may be caused by thermal stress, a low-temperature slow and high-temperature fast segmented heating method is usually used. Controlling the heating and final forging temperature of the ingot and the amount of forging deformation are important guarantees for obtaining high-quality titanium slabs.
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Defect Analysis of Titanium Plate Titanium Strip Cold Rolling

Mainly used in the manufacture of various beams, bulkheads, slide rails, landing gear beams in aircraft structures, aero-engine fans, compressor plates, and blades. Replacing 30 CrMnSiA structural steel with TC4 titanium alloy can reduce the weight of parts by about 30%. In general, TC4 titanium alloy with standard composition is used. For aircraft structural parts requiring welding and high fracture toughness, high-purity TC4 titanium alloy with an oxygen content of not more than 0.15% is selected.

In the West, TC4 titanium alloy fasteners strengthened by solution aging treatment are widely used instead of steel fasteners to reduce the weight of aircraft structure, especially when titanium alloy or aluminum alloy is connected with carbon fiber composite materials, due to compatibility The consideration must choose titanium alloy fasteners. TC4 titanium alloy fasteners must be formed by the hot application method, which can easily meet the requirements for the organization and streamline. The fuselage bulkhead dies forging made of TC4 titanium alloy on the American F22 fighter has a projected area of ​​5.53m2. On the B1B supersonic bomber, the wing support through-beam structure made of TC4ELI titanium alloy is selected. It is designed according to the principle of damage tolerance and manufactured by superplastic forming and diffusion bonding methods. Its mass reaches 5400kg.
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The difference between pure titanium screw and titanium alloy screw performance

1. Features

Titanium heat exchangers are not easy to lose metal ions, so they can make full use of this non-magnetic feature and be used as heat exchangers for pharmaceutical and food purposes. Due to the strong corrosion resistance of titanium, the heat exchanger has a long service life and low maintenance costs during use. In addition, because of its small size and large heat exchange capacity, the investment and operating costs of related equipment (such as pumps) can also be reduced accordingly.

2. Scope of application

Titanium heat exchangers rely on various excellent properties of industrial pure titanium and are widely used in all kinds of seafood breeding, seawater heat exchange, saltwater heat exchange, chemical industry, food, medicine, metallurgy, refrigeration, light industry, electroplating industry, aluminum oxidation tank, Industries and fields such as salt making, paper making, ultrasound, electronic communications, and central heating.

TA6V Titanium Bar     bending titanium tube     Molybdenum Sputtering Target     Grade 9 Titanium Plate

Titanium rod / wire material storage requirements for the warehouse environment

At present, with the increasing demand for titanium and titanium alloy pipe fittings in the petroleum, chemical, textile and other industries, the use of seamed titanium pipe fittings has been equivalent to the use of seamless pipe fittings, while the domestic titanium and titanium alloy seamless and There is no applicable national standard for welded pipe fittings, so it is urgent to establish national standards to regulate the quality of titanium and titanium alloy seamless and welded pipe fittings. This standard is formulated on the basis of referring to the above-mentioned standards and accumulating on the basis of years of use and production experience.

1. The scope of application of titanium alloy pipe fittings is specified, and the size is consistent with ASME B16.9: 2007 "Forged Steel Butt Welded Pipe III Fittings Made in Factory" from DN15 to DN1200;

2. The relevant symbols of titanium alloy pipe fittings are specified, and they are consistent with the current standard symbols for steel pipe fittings;

3. The classification, common materials, dimensions and tolerances, manufacturing, surface quality and non-destructive testing of titanium alloy pipe fittings are stipulated; the category and code of titanium alloy pipe fittings are basically the same as those of ASME and steel pipe fittings national standards. The only difference is that there are seams. The pipe fitting code is to add the letter "W" before the seamless pipe fitting code, which is not used in the national steel pipe fitting standard, but it is stated in ASME SB-363; the marking example is consistent with the steel pipe national standard; According to HG/T 3651-1999 "Titanium Butt Welding Seamless Pipe Fittings" and the latest titanium material standards, the commonly used titanium grades and related standards are specified; the dimensions and tolerances of titanium alloy pipe fittings are based on ASME SB-363 "Seamless and Welded non-alloy titanium and titanium alloy welded pipe fittings" and ASME B16.9: 2007 "Factory-made forged steel butt-welded pipe fittings"; individual dimensions are slightly different from the national standards for steel pipe fittings, such as DN20 pipe fittings "Outer diameter at the mouth", GB/T 12459 is "26.9mm", and this standard is "26.7mm". According to HG/T 3651-1999 "Titanium Butt Welding Seamless Pipe Fittings", GB/T 12459 "Steel Butt Welding Seamless Pipe Fittings", GB/T 13401 "Steel Butt Welding Seamless Pipe Fittings", ASME SB-363 "Seamless "Unalloyed Titanium and Titanium Alloy Welded Pipe Fittings Welded and Welded" and the experience accumulated in the manufacturing and use conditions stipulate the requirements of titanium alloy pipe fittings manufacturing, surface quality and non-destructive testing.

4. According to GB/T 12459 "Steel Butt Welding Seamless Pipe Fittings", GB/T 13401 "Steel Butt Welding Pipe Fittings" and ASME B16.9: 2007 "Forged Steel Butt Welding Pipe Fittings Made in Factory", the design of titanium alloy pipe fittings The verification test (including its procedures, methods, availability of results, coverage and requirements), product tests and test methods are specified;

5. Provisions are made for the inspection and acceptance, batching, inspection items and determination of inspection results of titanium alloy pipe fittings;

6. The requirements for marking, packaging, transportation and storage of titanium alloy pipe fittings are specified;

7. It specifies the content that should be included in the contract or purchase order when ordering titanium alloy pipe fittings.

The biggest advantage of alloy pipe fittings is that they can be recycled 100%, in line with the national strategy of environmental protection, energy saving, and resource saving. The national policy encourages the expansion of the application areas of alloy pipe fittings. At present, the consumption of alloy pipe fittings in my country accounts for only half of the total amount of steel in developed countries. The expansion of the use of alloy pipe fittings provides a broader space for the development of the industry.
titanium alloy bar     Gr1 Pure Titanium Tube     TiN Sputtering Target     thin titanium plate

Surface treatment method for processing titanium and titanium alloy forgings

At present, the global automobile industry has formed a "six big plus three small" competition pattern, namely, GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler, Toyota, Volkswagen, Renault-Nissan and other six major automobile groups with an annual output of more than 4 million vehicles. Plus three relatively independent car companies, namely Citroen-Peugeot (PSV), Honda, and BMW. At present, the key enterprises in China's automobile industry are FAW, SAIC, Dongfeng, Changan and BAIC. There are more than 5,400 enterprises nationwide. In 2005, more than 5.7 million vehicles were produced and sold.

At present, reducing fuel consumption and reducing hazardous waste (CO2, NOx, etc.) emissions have become one of the main driving forces and directions for technological progress in the automotive industry. Research shows that lightweight is an effective measure to save fuel and reduce pollution. For every 10% reduction in the quality of a car, fuel consumption can be reduced by 8%-10%, and exhaust emissions can be reduced by 10%. For this reason, countries all over the world are studying the issue of automobile lightweight. The preferred way to reduce the weight of automobiles is to replace traditional automobile materials (such as steel) with high-strength lightweight materials (aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.).

1. Advantages and disadvantages of titanium for automobiles

The application of titanium rods and titanium forgings in automobiles began in the 1950s, when the titanium industry was just born. Due to technical and price reasons, the application of titanium in automobiles has not attracted the attention of the industry. With the improvement of automobile energy saving and environmental protection standards, it has gradually become a hot topic of common concern in the international materials and automobile circles in recent years.

Titanium rods and titanium forgings have a variety of excellent properties and are the preferred materials for many different types of auto parts. The main advantages and applications are as follows.

(1) The low density is only 60% of the steel density, which can not only reduce the mass of the whole vehicle, but also reduce the inertia of motion for high-speed moving parts.

(2) High specific strength Among various metal materials, the specific strength of titanium is almost the highest, which can be used as load-bearing parts;

(3) The modulus of elasticity is small, only 50% of steel, and the fatigue strength is large, suitable for springs;

(4) Good heat resistance, can work for a long time at 200-650℃, suitable for high temperature parts;

(5) The coefficient of thermal expansion is small, which is 50% of that of stainless steel and aluminum, suitable for parts such as engine valves;

(6) Good corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance is better than aluminum, magnesium and stainless steel. It can resist corrosion from the atmosphere, rain, moisture on antifreeze roads and high-temperature exhaust gas containing hydrogen sulfide. It is suitable for exhaust nozzles and other parts with harsh operating conditions. ；

(7) Good frost resistance. In the environment of minus 100℃, low temperature brittleness will not occur;

(8) Good formability. Parts of various shapes can be manufactured through stamping, hot forging, powder metallurgy, precision casting, etc.;

(9) Good decorativeness Through oxidation treatment, various decorative materials with bright colors can be formed.

In addition to TC4 titanium alloy rods and TC4 titanium forgings for automobiles, titanium materials such as TiAl-based intermetallic compounds, reinforced titanium rods, and titanium forgings have higher heat resistance, rigidity and wear resistance.

The advantages of using titanium in automobiles are: reduce quality and reduce fuel consumption; improve power transmission effects and reduce noise; reduce vibration and reduce component load; improve vehicle durability and protect the environment.

The disadvantages are: under normal circumstances, the wear resistance of titanium used in automobiles is not good, the elasticity is lower than steel, and it is difficult to machine. However, the wear resistance can be improved by coating or strengthening, and the elasticity can be improved by reinforcement. If the machining adopts near-net forming technology or other processing conditions, the shortcomings can be minimized. What really hinders the wide application of titanium rods and titanium forgings is the cost of titanium rods and titanium forgings, which are determined by the complexity of titanium's raw materials, smelting, and processing techniques. The smelting cost is basically the energy cost necessary to separate titanium from oxygen, and the processing cost is usually the processing and polishing cost. Polishing includes a process of removing the cracks or surface damage caused by a large amount of oxygen.
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What are the advantages of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy as a surgical implant material?

Titanium alloys can be divided into structural titanium alloys, heat-resistant titanium alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, low-temperature alloys, and special functional alloys (memory alloys, superconducting alloys, hydrogen storage alloys) and so on.

1. Structural titanium alloy

Low-strength titanium alloys are mainly used for corrosion-resistant titanium alloys. Other titanium alloys are used for structural parts called structural alloys. In practical applications, structural titanium alloys are divided into: normal-strength titanium alloys, medium-strength titanium alloys, and high-strength titanium alloys. alloy. Ordinary strength titanium alloy: Due to its good processing and formability and weldability, it is mostly used in the manufacture of various aviation sheet parts and civil products such as hydraulic pipes and bicycles. Medium-strength titanium alloy: The typical alloy is TC4, which is mostly used in high-tech industries such as aerospace and rocket launches. High-strength titanium alloy: generally used to replace the high-degree structural steel commonly used in aircraft structures.

2. Heat-resistant titanium alloy

Refers to a titanium alloy suitable for long-term work at higher temperatures. It has high instantaneous permanent strength in the entire working temperature range, good plasticity at room temperature, good creep resistance and good thermal stability, and fatigue resistance at room temperature and high temperature. It is mostly used in the manufacture of aircraft parts, disks, blades, air intake receivers and aircraft structural parts.

3. Corrosion-resistant titanium alloy

Refers to suitable for the application of titanium alloys in strong corrosive media. Corrosion-resistant titanium alloys are mainly low-strength alloys, such as titanium molybdenum, titanium target, titanium molybdenum target, titanium nickel, titanium tantalum and other alloys that are common in practice.

4. Low temperature titanium alloy

It refers to α and α-β titanium alloys suitable for use at low temperatures. The strength of this type of titanium alloy increases with the decrease of temperature, and the toughness rarely decreases with the decrease of temperature. It can be used as low-temperature structural parts. It has been widely used in shipbuilding, chemical industry, metallurgy, medical treatment, etc.
Grade 2 Titanium Round Bar     Gr12 Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni Titanium Sheet     Titanium Hex Nut     F2 Pure Titanium Forging

Performance Advantages of Medical Titanium Alloy Materials and Analysis of Practical Application in Industry

Titanium alloy materials have good biocompatibility with the human body and good corrosion resistance in the human environment. Therefore, as an emerging material, it is used in the development and development of China's pharmaceutical industry, medical equipment, and human implants. It has only been used for nearly two decades, but it has achieved great success and has shortened the gap between China and the world's advanced countries.

①The low density of titanium makes medical parts lightweight and comfortable.

② Titanium has suitable strength and high fatigue strength, which can meet the strength requirements of bones, joints, surgical instruments, and rehabilitation equipment (such as wheelchairs).

③Titanium is resistant to corrosion (good chemical stability), and antibody liquid is corroded, suitable for use in various parts of the body.

④ Good biocompatibility, non-toxic (no inflammation, carcinogenic effects).

⑤Good mechanical compatibility, the elastic modulus of titanium alloy can be reduced to 50~100GPa, reducing stress shielding, and good matching with human bones.

⑥Low X-ray absorption rate, good X-ray visibility during a medical examination.

⑦The shape memory function can be used as orthopedic rods, bone nails, internal fixators, hip concentrators, internal stents, and other applications for the spine.

⑧Super elastic, suitable for orthopedic wire, suture needle, etc.

⑨With good processing and formability, it is suitable for making various products such as plates, rods, wires, tubes, capillaries, and special-shaped parts.
titanium round bar     Gr2 Pure Titanium Plate     Titanium Wing Nut     titanium alloy flange

Medical titanium alloy as a biomedical material for dental applications

In the 1980s, the research and application of titanium alloy pipes in the petroleum industry began in foreign countries. Chinese companies have also made certain progress in the development of titanium alloy tubing and casing, and the current products have been initially tested in wells. It is believed that in the near future, titanium alloy pipes will have more applications in the petroleum equipment industry, and new breakthroughs will be made in the world industry as soon as possible.

1), lower density

It can significantly reduce the string load, especially for ultra-deep oil well pipes.

2), higher strength

Including: tensile strength, creep strength, fatigue strength, etc. 　　 the specific strength of different materials at different temperatures.

3), excellent corrosion resistance

Excellent seawater corrosion resistance

4) Wide operating temperature range

The operating temperature of conventional titanium alloy ranges from minus 269 ℃ to minus 600 ℃.

5), large elastic deformation capacity

Titanium alloy has high yield strength and low elastic modulus (E), so it is very suitable for springs and other parts, and more importantly, it is suitable for large-reach horizontal wells.

6), lower expansion coefficient

This feature makes petroleum equipment more adaptable to temperature changes and reduces the internal stress of structural parts.

7), non-magnetic

Meet the requirements of normal use of some detection, communication and control methods in various equipment.

8), better processing performance

Titanium alloy pipes usually have good process properties such as casting, forging, welding, 3D printing, etc., which are often an important factor in the selection process of various engineering materials.
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Advantages and applications of medical titanium alloy in medical device manufacturing

When titanium rods and titanium alloy rods are heated to β phase, a → β polymorphic transformation occurs. Sometimes this process is also called recrystallization. The transition temperature of a→β of high purity titanium is 875+-5. But until the β phase is completely formed, it is difficult to observe this process with metallographic methods. The reason why phase β appears at low temperature is unclear. But the experiment pointed out that a and β mutually transform, whether it is heating or cooling, a phase and β phase always maintain a certain Bragg orientation relationship. There has been little research on the polymorphic transformation during heating in titanium alloys.

1. The transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods during slow cooling

When titanium rods and titanium alloy rods are slowly cooled from the β phase region to the a + β phase region, a polymorphic transition of β → a will occur. It has been confirmed in high-purity titanium that the nucleation of phase a is martensitic at this time, and the growth depends on the thermal activation process. During the nucleation, the surface of the sample also has the bumps that occur during the martensitic transformation, and it also maintains a strict Bragg orientation relationship with the parent phase.

2. Transition in rapid cooling

The transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods during rapid cooling from the β-phase region and the transformation products are different with the changes of the β-stabilizing element content. Martensitic transformation: 1.a`Block martensite cannot measure the orientation relationship; the acicular martensite a` and β phase maintain the Bragg orientation relationship. The inertial analysis plane is (334)β or (344). ) Β. 2.a" is found in Ti-Mo, Ti-W, Ti-Re, but not in Ti-V system; a" lattice parameter changes with composition; a" is the decrease in plasticity of titanium alloy.

Quenching ω phase formation: ω is a very small particle, which can only be observed by electron microscopy; ω increases the elastic modulus and hardness, and decreases the plasticity. The measurement of recrystallization mainly adopts the method of combining metallographic observation and X-ray diffraction. When recrystallization occurs, fine equiaxed grains appear on the deformed fibrous structure, and at the same time, the diffraction rings on the X-ray back-reflected Laue diagram begin to become unconnected spots. For heat-treatable β alloys, incomplete aging (500/4 to 8 hours, air cooling) can also be used to show the recrystallized structure, and the unrecrystallized grains after incomplete aging will appear dark after corrosion.
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A new generation of medical titanium alloy rod and wire

Titanium standard parts are called titanium fasteners or titanium screws. Because of their excellent performance, they are widely used in auto parts. Combined with the supply-demand of titanium alloy materials for automobiles for many years, the performance of titanium standard parts is shared as follows:

1) Low density: It can not only reduce the weight of the whole vehicle but also reduce the inertia of motion for high-speed moving parts;

2) High specific strength: Among various metal materials, the specific strength of titanium is almost the highest, which can be used as load-bearing parts;

3) The modulus of elasticity is small: only 50% of steel and the fatigue strength is large, suitable for springs;

4) Good heat resistance: it can work for a long time under 200~650, suitable for high-temperature parts;

5) Small thermal expansion coefficient: 50% of stainless steel and aluminum, suitable for parts such as engine valves;

6) Good corrosion resistance: better than aluminum, magnesium and stainless steel, it is resistant to corrosion by the atmosphere, rain, moisture on antifreeze roads and high-temperature exhaust gas containing hydrogen sulfide, and is suitable for parts with harsh working conditions such as exhaust nozzles;

7) Good frost resistance: in an environment of minus 100, low temperature brittleness will not occur;

8) Good formability: various shapes of parts can be prepared by stamping, hot forging, powder metallurgy, precision casting and other methods;

9) Good decoration: through oxidation treatment, various decorative materials with bright colors can be formed.
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Titanium alloy forging method

Titanium alloy screws are prone to rust when exposed in the air. Therefore, titanium alloy screws need to be moisture-proof and moisture-proof:

1. The choice of component insulation impregnating varnish, such as epoxy resin or polyurethane impregnating varnish. Choose paint that does not contain volatile acids. The vibration machinery uses solvent-free paint.

2. For the use of titanium alloy screw melamine alkyd paint, the curing temperature and curing time should be adjusted. The curing temperature is slightly higher than 130 degrees Celsius and the curing time is greater than 180 minutes. It is appropriate to implement the process strictly, especially in the hot and humid seasons. Because of the concept of rust and rust, the conventional drying time of the sample paint factory is not necessarily abundant, and cars have a specific internal shape.

3. Surface corrosion treatment of titanium alloy screws refers to the use of various methods to maintain the metal surface. The role is to isolate the metal from the corrosive environment to inhibit the corrosion process, reduce the contact between corrosive media and the metal surface, and achieve the purpose of preventing or slowing down corrosion.

Pay special attention to the selection of screw material:

1. The mechanical properties and strength requirements of the screw material are strong. Some screws need a relatively high strength, and then choose the higher the strength of the screw material itself.

2. The corrosion resistance of materials in working conditions is required. Part of the screws of the standard network are used for the above-mentioned products with strong corrosion. This requires us to choose the corrosion resistance of strong spiral steel wires.

3. The material's heat resistance and working temperature requirements. When some titanium alloy screws are used for high temperature operation, it is necessary to select the high temperature performance of the screw material.

4. Performance requirements in the production process of material processing. Some titanium alloy screws need to deal with the difficulty of thread and hardness in the production process, so it is necessary to choose the appropriate hardness of the screw material, which is conducive to processing and production.

5. The choice of screw material is affected by the weight, price, purchase and other factors of the titanium alloy screw itself. It is a better choice to properly consider the materials in these fields.
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Titanium alloy processing such as titanium rod, titanium wire, titanium plate, titanium forging, etc.

By heating or pressurizing, or both, using or without filling materials, the titanium alloy material workpiece can achieve atomic bonding.

Commonly used welding methods for titanium and titanium alloys are: melt welding, brazing, solid-phase bonding, mechanical bonding, etc. Among them, fusion welding is the most widely used, which can be divided into arc welding, electron beam welding, resistance welding, etc., and inert gas is used more.

The weldability of titanium materials depends on the chemical activity and physical properties of the material itself. At room temperature, the surface of titanium has a thin and dense oxide film with stable performance. As the temperature rises, the activity of titanium increases sharply. When the welding temperature is higher than 600℃, the dense oxide film is destroyed, and the gas can diffuse into the metal through the loose oxide film, and hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements A violent chemical reaction occurs, and these elements exist in titanium as interstitial impurities, which reduces the performance of the welded joint, especially the plasticity. The presence of hydrogen is often the cause of pores and cold cracks in welding.

Before welding titanium materials, mechanical cleaning or chemical cleaning should be used to thoroughly remove dirt, oxides and gas-rich metal layers on the surface of the workpiece.
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Effect of Forging Degree of Titanium Alloy on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Rods and Titanium Forgings

(1) Fine grinding

That is, the surface of titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings is polished by using conventional various types of emery rubber wheels. The problem that should be paid attention to during grinding is still not to make the casting heat, not to cause grinding damage on the surface of the casting, and to make the entire surface smooth.

(2) Barrel grinding method

The so-called barrel grinding method is to put the processed castings, abrasives, water and additives into the barrel-type grinding tank. The grinding barrel generates rotation and vibration, causing friction between the mixture of abrasives and the processed castings, and grinds the surface of the castings smoothly. It is characterized by no dust pollution, low labor intensity, and no heat generation in the conventional grinding process. At present, Japan has commercialized barrel grinders and abrasive materials used for grinding titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings, other metal castings, and plastics. Tests have confirmed that pk series abrasives have the highest grinding efficiency, but the surface roughness is also the highest.

(3) Mechanical polishing method

Use different specifications of soft cloth wheels or black brushes, dipped in titanium and titanium-containing alloy special polishing paste to polish the surface of titanium and titanium alloys. When polishing titanium castings, it is necessary to completely clear the contamination layer on the surface of the casting and no new grinding and hardening layer occurs, which will not achieve the desired polishing effect. High-speed and light-pressure methods are still used for polishing. The author has also tried to use the green polishing paste to polish titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings and achieved a relatively ideal polishing effect. The polished titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings cannot be washed immediately. The surface oxide film must be completely formed before washing, otherwise, the surface will darken.
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How to select and control the deformation amount of titanium rod, titanium forging and medical titanium rod in the forging process

The research and development of high-temperature titanium alloy standard parts is mainly concentrated on the high-temperature titanium alloy at 600℃. The domestic standard parts of titanium alloy are mainly developed by the Institute of Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The composition of Ti60 titanium alloy is a near-α heat-strength titanium alloy improved on the basis of Ti-5.5Al-4Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.3Si-1ND-0.05CTI55, and its comprehensive properties are improved by ND strengthening. The long working temperature of this alloy can reach 600℃, which is suitable for the compressor discs, drums and blades of the high-pressure section of aircraft transmitters. Domestic research on high-strength titanium alloys is mainly concentrated on TB8TC21 and other brand titanium alloys (developed by Northwest Nonferrous Research Institute). The composition of TB8 titanium alloy is Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si medium-stable β-type titanium alloy. In addition to consuming plates and strips, TB8 titanium alloy can also produce foils, wires, tubes, bars and forgings. This plate is mainly used to manufacture aircraft cold-formed sheet metal parts of medium complexity, which can replace structural steel with strength grade of 30CrMnSiA. The newly developed TC21 titanium alloy has stable mechanical properties and matches with the strength, plasticity, fracture toughness, crack growth rate and other indicators. It is a high-strength and high-toughness damage-tolerant titanium alloy with great application prospects. In terms of flame-retardant titanium alloys, the Northwest Nonferrous Institute has developed a low-cost Ti40 flame-retardant titanium alloy with Chinese characteristics. Ti-V-Cr series full beta titanium alloy composed of Ti-V-Cr series Ti-25V-15Cr-0.2Si high alloying has good anti-extinguishing performance and high temperature performance. Ti40 titanium alloy will be suitable for the casing and blades of the key components of the aircraft engine.
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Factors affecting the service life of titanium rods

The fatigue and fracture properties of titanium alloy rods occupies a very important position in determining the service life of the alloy. Over the years, domestic and foreign studies have been conducted to explore the fatigue and fracture mechanisms of titanium alloy rods and their relationship with various metallurgical factors. Due to the complexity of the problem itself and the scattered data from the preliminary experiments, some substantive issues are still not very clear, and the views are not completely unified. Only some representative conclusions are introduced here.

The fatigue life of titanium alloy rods, like other materials, depends on the probability of fatigue crack nucleation and the rate of crack growth. According to the study of pure titanium, fatigue cracks mostly nucleate in the slip zone and at the twin interface, but for Ti-6AI-4V alloys, under low stress conditions, the a-phase and b-phase interfaces are the weakest It is only at high stress levels that the probability of nucleation in the slip zone increases significantly. Increasing the test temperature has a similar effect. In order to improve the fatigue performance, it is usually desirable to obtain a small equiaxed titanium alloy rod. b organization, and b phase is best in a free state to reduce the a/b phase interface area. In addition, the fine-grain slip is relatively uniform, and the free path of slip is short, which can reduce the stress concentration caused by dislocation plugging; at the same time, the fine-grain also has a greater constraint on twins. Conversely, the coarse-grained Widmanstatten structure is easy to nucleate fatigue cracks, so the fatigue strength is low.

In the presence of notches and stress concentration, the effect of grain size is reduced, because the fatigue life at this time mainly depends on the crack growth rate, while the experimental results of pure titanium show that the crack growth rate is not closely related to the grain size.
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