Titanium market will continue to be in good shape

Since the second half of this year, the domestic demand for titanium materials has been strong, and the market has performed well. The sales volume of major domestic manufacturers has increased. Industry insiders want Rui Dao to disclose that the current titanium market is performing well and that the strong demand will continue for a long time.

Factors such as raw material price support and the continued recovery of downstream demand will enable the titanium market to maintain a good momentum in the future. First of all, due to the constraints of raw material supply, the production of sponge titanium is difficult to increase in the short term, and the price will continue to remain at a relatively high point in the next 3 months, which will form a supportive effect on the price of titanium. Secondly, affected by environmental protection transformation and the relocation of old projects, the demand for titanium materials in the chemical industry has increased significantly, and the good situation is expected to continue throughout the next year. Third, the initiation of nuclear power projects at home and abroad will bring new demand for titanium materials. In recent years, many nuclear power projects at home and abroad have landed one after another, and the nuclear power sector is getting rid of the shadow brought by the Fukushima accident, which is not as good as the new round of rising period. Not only did many domestic nuclear power plants break ground, but many projects were also signed internationally. The new generation of nuclear power projects will significantly increase the number of titanium materials, which will be beneficial to the demand for titanium materials. At the same time, several domestic tape and reel and welded pipe projects will also be able to smoothly release production capacity and ease the pressure on the civilian market by signing orders for nuclear power projects.

In addition, the demand for high-end markets such as military industry and aerospace will continue to improve, and related companies can obtain sufficient orders. It can be said that the major domestic large-scale titanium enterprises throughout the year next year are expected to continue to maintain a good business situation. In addition to the relatively fierce competition in some low-end civilian products markets, the overall market can be expected.

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Various methods of machining titanium alloys

The thermal conductivity of titanium alloy is small, about 1/3 of iron, and the heat generated during machining is difficult to be released through the workpiece. At the same time, because the specific heat of titanium alloy is small, the local temperature rises quickly during processing, so. It is easy to cause the tool temperature to be very high, which causes sharp wear of the tool tip and reduces the service life. Experiments show that the temperature of the tip of the tool for cutting titanium alloy is 2-3 times higher than the temperature of cutting steel. The low elastic modulus of titanium alloy makes the processed surface prone to springback, especially the processing of thin-walled parts is more serious, and it is easy to cause strong friction between the flank surface and the processed surface, thereby wearing the tool and chipping. Titanium alloys are very chemically active, and easily interact with oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen at high temperatures, increasing their hardness and decreasing plasticity. It is difficult to machine the oxygen-rich layer formed during heating and forging.

There are many methods for machining titanium alloys, including: turning, milling, boring, drilling, grinding, tapping, sawing, EDM, etc. ,
1. Turning and boring of titanium alloy
The main problems of turning titanium alloys are: high cutting temperature; severe tool wear; large cutting springback. Under suitable machining conditions. Turning and boring are not particularly difficult processes. For continuous cutting, mass production, or cutting with a large amount of metal removal, cemented carbide tools are generally used. When forming cutting, grooving or cutting, suitable steel tools are used, and cermet tools are also used. As with other machining operations, a constant forced feed is always used to avoid cutting interruptions. Do not stop or slow down during cutting. Generally do not cut, but should be fully cooled; coolant can use 5% sodium nitrate aqueous solution or 1/20 soluble oil emulsion solution. Before forging, the cemented carbide tool is used for turning the oxygen-rich layer on the surface of the original bar. The cutting depth should be greater than the thickness of the oxygen-rich layer. The cutting speed is 20-30m/min and the feed rate is 0.1-0.2mm/r. Boring is a finishing process, especially for thin-walled titanium alloy products in the boring process, to prevent burns and parts deformation.
2. Drilling and processing of titanium alloy
When drilling titanium alloy, it is easy to generate long and thin curled chips. At the same time, the drilling heat is large, and the chips are easy to accumulate or adhere to the drilling edge. This is the main reason for the difficulty of drilling titanium alloy. Drilling should use short and sharp bits and low-speed forced feed, the support bracket should be fastened, and repeated and sufficient cooling should be given, especially for deep hole drilling. During the drilling process, the drill bit should maintain the drilling state in the hole and not allow idling in the drill hole, and should maintain a low and constant speed drilling speed. Drill through holes carefully. When drilling soon, in order to clean the drill bit and the drill hole, and to remove the drill cuttings, it is best to return the drill bit. When the hole is finally broken, forced feed is used to obtain a smooth hole.
3. Tapping of titanium alloy
Tapping of titanium alloys is probably the most difficult machining process. When tapping, the removal of titanium chips is restricted and the serious tendency to bite will lead to a poor thread fit, causing the tap to jam or break. When the tapping is completed, the titanium alloy tends to shrink tightly on the tap. Therefore, it should try to avoid processing blind holes or too long through holes to prevent the surface roughness of the internal thread from becoming larger or the phenomenon of broken cones. At the same time, the tapping method should be continuously improved, for example, the trailing edge of the tap can be ground off. Along the length of the tooth edge, the axial chip removal groove is ground on the tooth tip. On the other hand, taps with oxidized, oxidized or chrome-plated surfaces are used to reduce bite and wear.
4. Sawing processing of titanium alloy
When sawing a titanium alloy, a low surface speed and continuous forced feeding are used. The experiment proves that the coarse tooth high-speed steel saw blade with a tooth pitch of 4.2mm to 8.5mm is suitable for sawing titanium alloy. If a band saw is used to saw titanium alloy, the pitch of the saw blade is determined by the thickness of the workpiece, which is generally 2.5 mm to 25.4 mm. The thicker the material, the greater the pitch. At the same time, the mandatory feed capacity and the required coolant must be maintained.
5. EDM machining of titanium alloy
EDM of titanium alloy requires an operating gap between the tool and the workpiece. The range of the gap is preferably 0.005mm0.4mm. The smaller gap is often used for finishing with smooth surface, and the larger gap is used for roughing that requires rapid metal removal. The electrode material is preferably copper and zinc.
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Introduction of several common applications of industrial pure titanium rods and titanium alloy rod materials

Titanium and titanium alloys have good welding, hot and cold pressure processing and mechanical processing properties, and can be processed into various titanium profiles, titanium rods, titanium plates and titanium pipes.

Titanium is an ideal structural material. The density of titanium is not large, only 4.5g/m3, which is 43% lighter than steel, but the strength of titanium is twice that of iron and almost 5 times higher than that of pure aluminum. With low density and high strength performance. This combination of high strength and low density makes titanium rods occupy an extremely important position in technology. At the same time, the corrosion resistance of titanium alloy bars is nearly or more than that of stainless steel, so it has been widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, pesticides, dyes, papermaking, light industry, aviation, space development, marine engineering and other aspects.

Titanium alloys have a high specific strength (ratio of strength and density). Titanium alloy rods and pure titanium rods have played an irreplaceable role in aviation, military industry, shipbuilding, chemical industry, metallurgy, machinery, medical treatment and other fields. For example, the alloy of titanium and aluminum, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese and other elements, after heat treatment, the strength limit can reach 1176.8-1471MPa, the specific strength reaches 27-33, and the alloy steel with the same strength has a specific strength of only 15.5 -19. Titanium alloy is not only high in strength, but also resistant to corrosion, so it is widely used in shipbuilding, chemical machinery and medical equipment. Among them, the corrosion-resistant titanium alloy is mainly used in reactors, towers, autoclaves, heat exchangers, pumps, valves, centrifuges, pipes, pipe fittings, electrolytic cells, etc. in various strong corrosion environments. However, the high price of titanium alloys limits their application.
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What are the main performance requirements of titanium targets?

Titanium tube target is made of purity, which is one of the main performance indicators of the target material, because the purity of the target material greatly affects the performance of the thin film. So, what are the main performance requirements of titanium targets? The following is introduced by titanium tube target manufacturers.
purity

Purity is one of the main performance indicators of the target, because the purity of the target has a great influence on the performance of the film. However, in practical applications, the purity requirements of the target materials are also different. For example, with the rapid development of the microelectronics industry, the size of silicon wafers has grown from 6", 8" to 12", while the width of wiring has been reduced from 0.5um to 0.25um, 0.18um or even 0.13um. The previous target purity was 99.995% Can meet the technical requirements of 0.35umIC, and the preparation of 0.18um lines requires 99.999% or even 99.9999% for the purity of the target material.

Impurities in the solids of the target and oxygen and water vapor in the pores are the main sources of contamination of the deposited film. Different targets have different requirements for different impurity contents. For example, pure aluminum and aluminum alloy targets used in the semiconductor industry have special requirements for alkali metal content and radioactive element content.
density
In order to reduce the pores in the solids of the target and improve the performance of the sputtered film, the target is usually required to have a higher density. The density of the target not only affects the sputtering rate, but also affects the electrical and optical properties of the film. The higher the target density, the better the film performance. In addition, increasing the density and strength of the target allows the target to better withstand the thermal stress during sputtering. Density is also one of the key performance indicators of the target.
Grain size and grain size distribution

The target material is usually polycrystalline and the grain size can be in the order of microns to millimeters. For the same target material, the sputtering rate of a target with fine grains is faster than that of a target with coarse grains; and the thickness distribution of the film deposited by sputtering with a target with a small difference in grain size (uniform distribution) is more uniform .

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What is the main trend of titanium metal materials in the future?

In terms of future development trends, the output demand for titanium metal materials is increasing rapidly. The application of non-ferrous metal materials is mainly used as functional materials and structural materials. If a metal is used only as a functional material, the market is relatively small. quite big. If you want to answer where is the growth space of titanium metal in the future, where is the explosive growth time and catalyst? It depends on the development of civilian titanium, especially in the field of structural functional titanium, the use of titanium in civil and structural functional applications increases It may make titanium the fourth metal.
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Application of medical titanium nails and titanium plates in plastic surgery

Titanium is non-toxic and non-magnetic. The elastic modulus of titanium alloy is similar to the elastic modulus of human bones. It has good compatibility with the human body, so it is also called "biometal". Titanium is also an important member of the family of memory alloys. Nickel-titanium alloys are alloys that people early found have memory guilt. Medical titanium plates can "remember" their own heavens. After being deformed by external forces, as long as they are given The temperature can "re-emerge" and restore its original shape. And because it contains titanium, its strength is also very high. Therefore, this alloy has become a memory alloy for use, and until today, it is still one of the relatively good open shape memory alloys.

Treating fractures with titanium sheets and titanium screws has unexpected effects. Within a few months, new bones and muscles will be combined with titanium sheets. Therefore, titanium is an ideal material for human dental implants and artificial joints.

Zygomatic plastic surgery mainly includes two concepts: one is simple chisel bone chiseling to reduce the outer contour of the cheekbones; the other is three-dimensional osteotomy, which reduces the cheekbones by shortening and moving the bone pieces. Zygomatic chiseling is generally suitable for patients with protruding anterolateral sides of the face. Intraoral incisions are often used to separate the exposed cheekbones under the periosteum, and special instruments are used to chisel and thin the part of the cheekbones designed to be removed before surgery, thereby reducing The contour of the face improves the appearance. The use of titanium nails and titanium plates is fixed so that the cheekbones will not cause slip and cause the contour of the face to lose shape, and it can better achieve the effect of shaping the cheekbones!

The advantage of this operation is that it does not leave scars after the operation, and it is seamless and does not leave traces. The operation difficulty of the three-dimensional osteotomy of the zygomatic bone is greatly increased, and it is suitable for patients with protruding zygomatic arch. In addition to the intraoral incision, it is usually necessary to make an auxiliary incision in the hidden part of the hairline, or a single intrascalp coronal incision. After the subperiosteal separation exposes the entire cheekbone, a specific size of bone is cut according to the needs of computer three-dimensional simulation design Then use special materials such as titanium nails to reconnect and shape the separated bone pieces, which can greatly change the entire facial contour and shape, and even allow the patient to achieve the effect of "reborn." In addition to zygomatic reduction, for a small number of patients, the middle part of the face is depressed due to dysplasia or defect of the zygomatic bone caused by congenital or acquired diseases, or the bilateral zygomatic asymmetric can be transplanted or faked by autologous tissue The body material is filled with the cheekbone augmentation of the zygomatic area for treatment, so as to improve the appearance.

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The most complete application of titanium materials

Titanium alloys are used in many other industrial applications, such as flue gas desulfurization for pollution control, PTA plants for polyester production, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and hydrometallurgical autoclaves. In the chemical industry, titanium storage tanks, valves, reactors, titanium flanges, titanium pipe fittings, etc. Each grade is adjusted according to specific operating conditions, emphasizing the strength under different pressures, the alloy content of different corrosive agents and the ductility of different manufacturing requirements.
Aviation applications
The aerospace industry is the largest user of titanium products. Due to its high strength to weight ratio and high temperature performance, it is a useful material in the industry. Titanium is commonly used in aircraft parts and fasteners. These same characteristics make titanium useful in the production of gas turbine engines, while it is also used in other components such as compressor blades, casings, engine fairings and heat shields. The expansion of the use of titanium in the aerospace market can be attributed to several factors, including the need for new aircraft designs with increased CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer [or plastic]) compositions. By sharing the same thermal expansion rate with many commonly used composite materials, titanium is very popular as a composite interface material. The new Boeing 787 Dreamliner is estimated to use 15% by weight of titanium, which is 5% more than steel, which is undoubtedly a model of increased use of titanium in commercial aircraft manufacturing. The increased use of titanium in the aircraft directly corresponds to composite parts based on material compatibility. The increase in composite material design, structure, and use is a powerful indicator of additional production of titanium parts.
Emerging applications
Pursuing, developing and supporting new uses of titanium is the primary task of the titanium industry. This includes helping companies that are developing new uses of titanium by providing a reliable metal supply, advanced metallurgical design and expertise, and in some cases financial support.
Computer Industry
In the computer industry, titanium is a promising substrate for hard drives. Compared with aluminum as the main material currently used, titanium has significant advantages. Its non-magnetic properties prevent interference with the data storage process; its heat resistance allows higher temperatures during the coating process, thereby increasing manufacturing speed; the purity of titanium allows closer read / write head tolerances and increases disk capacity .
Automobile industry
In the automotive industry, cars / motorcycles after the market and the racing market are being developed for use in titanium. Engine components, such as connecting rods, piston pins, valves, valve holders and springs, rocker arms and camshafts, to name a few, they can be made of titanium because it is durable, strong, light weight, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Although titanium may initially be more expensive for these applications, the use of its unique characteristics of the design produces components that do more than pay for itself with better performance and longer life.
An all-titanium exhaust system is also being developed to reduce weight and extend service life. The use of titanium in production vehicles is also evaluating engine components to improve efficiency and suspension springs to increase internal space.
Geothermal power
There are new opportunities for geothermal power generation, and highly corrosive steam released from the earth is captured to generate electricity. Compared to competing materials, the low life cycle cost of titanium in these applications can provide significant cost savings.
Composite material
Titanium is widely used in metal matrix composites. As these exceptionally powerful manufacturing and cost reductions in lightweight components, their popularity and utilization of titanium will increase.
Professional application
Promoting the unique combination of titanium and non-traditional uses The unique combination of titanium-light weight, high strength, biocompatibility and durability in extreme environments-makes it a high-quality material for a variety of non-traditional applications.
Human implants
Titanium is completely inert to human body fluids, making it ideal for medical alternative structures such as hip and knee implants. Titanium actually allows bone growth to adhere to implants, so they are longer than other materials. At present, the reconstruction of titanium plates and meshes supporting broken bones are also commonly used.
Armor application
The high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent ballistic resistance make titanium very suitable for armor applications. Used as protective armor on personnel transport vehicles and tanks, it can make vehicles lighter and increase the mobility of troops. The police's personal armor vest and helmet made of titanium are much lighter and more comfortable than police made of competitive materials.
other apps

Titanium now also appears in various consumer products, such as jewelry, watch cases, glasses, bicycles and watches. The golf industry has discovered that lightweight titanium heads can be larger than steel heads, expanding the "optimal position" of the club, thereby increasing distance and accuracy

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Titanium tube cooler technology at home and abroad

Most of the manufacturing processes of titanium tube high-efficiency air coolers abroad use zinc immersion process. 

Since the titanium tube and the heat sink are not expanded (interference), the gap between the titanium tube and the heat sink is large, which has a large transmission Thermal resistance, compared with the same manufacturing process, it can be seen that the heat transfer resistance of this process is 15 ~ 25% greater than the internal expansion, that is, the heat transfer coefficient of the air cooler is reduced by 10 ~ 15%.

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Background of application of titanium and alloy materials in the ocean

As we all know, the area of ​​the ocean occupies 70% of the earth ’s area. The ocean contains abundant resources, including the marine fish we eat daily, industrial oil and gas resources, the use of energy contained in the alternating sea tides, and many deep seas to be explored. Creatures and resources in unknown areas. Being able to use the ocean efficiently will be the greatest wealth of mankind. However, in the process of marine development and exploration, the problems of high salt content, biological pollution, and corrosiveness of seawater have caused us a lot of troubles on the earth. The advantages of titanium and titanium alloy materials have prominent application prospects in the marine field. come out.

Titanium is a material with excellent physical properties and stable chemical properties. Titanium and its alloys have high strength, small specific gravity, and are resistant to seawater corrosion and marine atmosphere corrosion, which can well meet the requirements of people in marine engineering. After years of hard work by titanium industry personnel and marine engineering application researchers, titanium has been widely used in the fields of marine oil and gas development, seaport construction, coastal power stations, seawater desalination, ships, marine fisheries, and marine thermal energy conversion. Now, titanium for marine engineering has become one of the main fields of titanium civilian applications.

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Precautions for installation, use, welding, transportation and maintenance of titanium tubes.

Titanium tube, titanium alloy tube maintenance and storage:
1. Titanium alloy pipes and elbows should be regularly inspected to keep the surface clean, remove dirt, and store them in a ventilated place indoors, not stacked or stored in the open air.
2. The ball valves, stop valves and gate valves of titanium alloy pipe elbows are only fully opened or fully closed, and are not allowed to adjust the flow rate to prevent the sealing surface from being eroded and accelerated wear.

3. The gate valve and the upper thread prevent the valve from having reverse sealing equipment. The hand wheel is turned to the surface of the uppermost head to ensure that it will not rust and fall. Keep the titanium pipe fittings such as titanium alloy pipes, titanium elbows, titanium heads, and titanium tees dry and ventilated. Keep the surfaces of pipes and fittings clean and neat, and store them accurately.

Matters needing attention in the installation and transportation of titanium pipes and fittings:
1. Installation of titanium and titanium alloy pipes When transporting and depositing titanium and titanium alloy pipes, titanium pipe manufacturers should take care not to contact or collide with ferrous materials.
2. The cutting method of titanium and titanium alloy tubes should be mechanical, and the cutting speed should be low speed. When cutting or grinding titanium tubes, special grinding wheels should be used; flame cutting should not be used. The groove should be processed by mechanical methods.
3. Welding of titanium alloy welded pipe should use inert gas shielded welding or vacuum welding. Oxygen-acetylene welding or carbon dioxide gas shielded welding cannot be used, nor can ordinary manual arc welding be used.
4. When installing titanium and titanium alloy pipes, iron tools and materials shall not be used to knock and squeeze; between the carbon steel supports, hangers and titanium and titanium alloy pipes, rubber plates or soft plastic plates shall be inserted to make them Do not directly contact with titanium and titanium alloy pipelines; when passing through walls and floor slabs, the titanium and titanium alloy pipelines should be installed with a sleeve, the gap should not be less than 10mm, and the insulation should be filled, and the insulation should not contain iron impurities.

5. Titanium and titanium alloy pipes should not be directly welded to other metal pipes. When connection is needed, loose flange connection can be used. The non-metal gasket used is generally rubber or plastic, and the chloride ion content should not exceed 25ppm

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Titanium tube processing technology optimization

Seamless titanium tubes are widely used in the chemical industry. The thinner the tube wall thickness, the higher the heat exchange efficiency. $ 89mmX2mm is a large-diameter, thin-walled pipe, which has the problems of low production efficiency and low yield rate in the production process.

The general production process of $ 89mmX2mm pipe is: extruding billet, LG90 rolling mill blanking, LD120 rolling mill finished product, LG90 rolling mill can perform large diameter reduction and wall reduction processing, and the dimensional accuracy after rolling is low; Due to the limitation of shape, only small diameter reduction and wall reduction can be performed, but the dimensional accuracy after rolling is high. The company has LD120 rolling mill and LG60 rolling mill. The LG60 rolling mill has smaller rolling specifications than LG90 rolling mill and cannot meet the requirements of conventional processes. The current process is to use a 20000kN extruder to squeeze $ 108mmX8mm tube billet and then use LD120 rolling mill Secondary rolling. This process has a low yield rate due to the large drilling loss during the extrusion of the tube billet. More importantly, because the rolling process uses all LD120 rolling mills, the previous pass must be rolled on the LD120 rolling mill before rolling. The finished product passes so that the production efficiency is particularly low and can not meet the requirements of the construction period. Therefore, the existing process must be optimized on the basis of using existing equipment and moulds.

The setting of the rolling process route is generally from the finished product specification to the reverse design of the tube billet before the design, and it is necessary to ensure that the inner hole size of the titanium exhaust tubing billet in the previous pass is smaller than the diameter of the mandrel used in the next pass rolling Large 1 2mm. To adopt multi-pass rolling processing, in order to improve production efficiency, the optimized plan cannot use the same type of equipment for continuous processing. The optimized process plan shall ensure that the finished product rate of the pipe shall not be lower than the original process, nor shall it add additional costs, and shall not exceed the limit of the deformation rate of the material pass processing.

(1) After checking the extrusion ratio, rolling force and bending stress of the roll, it is found that the better production process of the titanium threaded tube of $ 89mmX2mm is: using the billet of $ 106mmX8mm, which is cooled twice by the LG60 and LD120 rolling mills Roll out the finished product.

(2) After process optimization, the loss of raw materials is reduced by about 1%, the number of rolling passes is reduced by 1 time, the utilization rate of equipment resources is significantly improved, the wear of the mould is reduced, and the production efficiency is increased by 3 times.

What should be paid attention to when heat treatment of titanium plate parts?

1. Before heat treatment, oil stains, paints, fingerprints and other foreign objects (rag wire, fine iron scraps, etc.) on the surface of the parts should be cleaned, otherwise, it will easily cause pollution during heating and affect the performance of the parts. In particular, the danger of fingerprints should be pointed out. The high-temperature test shows that when the sample is stressed and comes into contact with pure NaCl, the sample will crack, which is the result of hot salt stress corrosion. In 1955, it was found that the Ti-6Al-4V alloy sample after creeping test at 371 ℃ had surface cracks. Through research and analysis, it is determined that the appearance of these cracks is usually related to fingerprints. Since handprints are harmful to the workpiece, you should avoid direct contact between your fingers and the workpiece during operation. You must wear clean white gloves when taking parts at room temperature. In addition, titanium alloys cannot be processed in the same furnace as aluminium, copper, etc., nor can they be processed in the same tray.

2. The parts are heated to a higher temperature during heat treatment and maintained at a high temperature for a certain period of time. Because the material in the heated state is soft and easily deformed, the position of the parts on the tray or bracket is very important. If the tray itself is not flat, it will cause the parts to deform. If a heat treatment jig is used to improve the deformation of the part, the expansion of the part and the jig after heating should be considered.

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Flame retardant titanium alloy

Conventional titanium alloys have a tendency to burn alkanes under certain conditions, which greatly limits their application. In response to this situation, countries have launched research on flame retardant titanium alloys and made some breakthroughs. Alloy c (also known as T with a nominal composition of 50Ti-35v-15Cr (mass fraction)) developed by Qiang Guo is a flame-retardant titanium alloy that is insensitive to continuous combustion and has been used in F119 engines. BTT-1 and BTT -3 is a flame-retardant titanium alloy developed in Russia, all of which are Ti-Cu-Al series alloys, which have very good thermal deformation process performance, and can be used to make complex parts.

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Development of pure titanium sheet with excellent surface manufacturability for building materials

In the beach area, titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, and lightweight, suitable for use as the roof and outer wall materials of buildings, so pure titanium thin plates are used in buildings around the world. Why use titanium as the roof and outer wall? This is because titanium not only has excellent corrosion resistance but also its design, environmental harmony, and other landscapes are also very important, that is, to pursue craftsmanship: ① various surface finishing according to needs; ② atmospheric environment

Improved technology for resistance to discoloration in ③; ③Development of a technique for suppressing depression caused by rolling;

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Explosive welding test of titanium steel composite board and titanium copper composite board

Explosive welding technology is used to realize the welding and forming of thin-walled titanium tubes and tube sheets, which not only improves production efficiency and reduces processing costs, but also improves the service life of heat exchangers and safe production, so it has important industrial application value. At the same time, through the optimization and precise control of test charge parameters, it is expected that an explosion welding molding workshop will be built inside the factory, which will greatly reduce production costs.

Using explosive welding forming process, compared with the above various tube expansion technologies, it has the following outstanding advantages:

(1) Because explosive welding is a special type of pressure welding, it is possible to achieve welding between zirconium and titanium pipes and special-shaped metals such as steel that cannot be achieved by conventional welding and tube expansion methods;

(2) Because the explosive welding interface belongs to the solid phase combination between atoms, the welding strength between the heat exchanger tube and the tube plate of the heat exchanger is high, which not only ensures the safety of the heat exchanger but also greatly improves the heat exchanger Service life

(3) Since explosive welding can achieve simultaneous-detonation at multiple points, the productivity is high, and all tubes and tube sheets of a heat exchanger can be welded and formed at a time.

Titanium tube-tube sheet explosive welding forming involves the simultaneous multi-point explosive welding forming of rare metal thin-walled long pipe fittings and tube sheets and the microscopic analysis of the interface.

Titanium tube-tube sheet explosive welding has the following key technologies to be solved:

(1) When titanium/steel is used for explosive welding, if the charge parameter control is not good, it is easy to cause high temperatures of the interface and intermetallic compounds are generated at the interface, which will greatly reduce the heat transfer effect of the composite tube. Therefore, the explosive welding charge process of internal heat exchange titanium tube or zirconium tube is one of the keys to successful explosive welding.

(2) Generally speaking, the wall thickness of the outer tube and the inner tube of the composite tube is only 1 ~ 2mm. Ultra-thin metal composite materials, especially ultra-thin pipes, are prone to cracks or even break during the explosion welding process. Therefore, the detonation speed and the thickness of the charge must be accurately controlled.

(3) The seawater corrosion-resistant high-efficiency composite tube must not only save rare metal materials but also achieve efficient heat transfer. The key to efficient heat transfer is that the combined interface of the composite tube must be an excellent micro-wave interface, and the formation of the micro-wave interface Accurate optimization and design of charging parameters are required.

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Titanium alloy polishing method-abrasive

(1) Fine grinding

That is, the surface of titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings is ground by using various types of emery rubber wheels. The problem that should be paid attention to when grinding is still not to make the casting produce heat, which can not cause grinding damage on the surface of the casting, and make the entire surface reach

To smooth.

(2) Barrel grinding method

The so-called barrel grinding method is to put the processed castings, abrasives, water and additives into the barrel grinding tank. The grinding barrel generates rotation and vibration, which causes friction between the mixture of abrasives and the processed castings.

Grinding is smooth and smooth. It is characterized by no dust pollution, low labor intensity, and no heat generation during conventional grinding. At present, Japan has commercialized barrel grinders and used for casting titanium and titanium alloys

Abrasives for grinding of metal parts, other metal castings and plastics are sold. Tests have confirmed that the pk series abrasives have the highest grinding efficiency, but the surface roughness is also the highest. The grinding efficiency of SA and B series abrasives is not

Like PK, but the surface smoothness of the titanium casting after grinding is the highest. At present, the Fourth Military Medical University has successfully developed the first dental barrel grinder in China.

(3) Mechanical polishing method

Use different specifications of soft cloth wheel or black brush, dipped with titanium and titanium alloy special polishing paste to polish the surface of titanium and titanium alloy. When polishing titanium castings, the contamination layer on the casting surface must be completely clear

And no new abrasive hardened layer occurs, the ideal polishing effect will not be achieved. High speed and light pressure are still used during polishing. The author has also tested the use of green polishing paste to polish titanium and titanium alloy castings,

A better polishing effect has been achieved. The polished titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings cannot be washed immediately. It must be washed after the surface oxide film is completely formed, otherwise the surface will become dark.

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What are the problems that titanium tubes have to deal with at power stations?

From an economic point of view, the price of a titanium tube for a 1000Mw condenser nuclear power unit (about 50,000 condenser tubes is required) is taken as an example. According to the use time of the condenser for 40 years, the average aluminum brass tube There are 10 leaks per year, and the titanium tube has no leaks within 40 years. Through a large number of tests and application examples, it has been proved that the use of titanium tubes in power station condensers has great technical and economic advantages. Here are three problems to be solved when titanium tubes are used in power stations :
1. Corrosion issues
The condenser of the power station uses seawater as cooling water. Because seawater contains a large amount of sediment, suspended matter, marine life, and various corrosive substances. The situation is more serious in brackish water where seawater and river water alternately change. Traditionally used corrosion methods of copper-plated gold tubes are comprehensive corrosion (uniform corrosion), erosion, erosion, and stress corrosion. Because titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, the seawater leakage accidents caused by corrosion of titanium tube condensers have been Eliminate, however, because of the good corrosion resistance of titanium tubes, unlike copper alloy tubes, a toxic substance is not produced on the surface. Therefore, it is easy for sea creatures to adhere to the inner wall of the titanium tube, which affects the heat transfer effect, so it must be There is a corresponding cleaning device.
2. The problem of hydrogen absorption
Although the surface of the titanium material has a dense passivation film, it is very resistant to corrosion in many strong corrosive media, but due to the large affinity of titanium and hydrogen. It is very easy to absorb hydrogen. It occurs at normal temperature and at high temperature (such as 100 ℃) Absorb hydrogen quickly. The solid melting limit of hydrogen in titanium is very small (about 20ppm). If it exceeds the limit, hydride (TtH2) will be precipitated on the titanium surface. With the increase of the surface TiH2, the impact value and elongation of titanium decrease rapidly. In addition, during the transformation of the old unit, because the tube sheet is a copper alloy, the condenser tube is made of titanium, which requires the use of a cathodic protection device to prevent electrochemical corrosion. For example, the condenser of Hitachi Power Plant uses seawater cooling, and the titanium tube and copper alloy The plates form a galvanic couple. When the protection potential is lower than 0.75 v (ScE), the titanium end of the outlet absorbs hydrogen. The hydrogen content reaches 650 ppm in one year; if the potential is selected from 0.5 to O.75 v (scE), the Titanium will not absorb hydrogen at room temperature "
3. Vibration problem
Due to the good corrosion resistance of the titanium tube, the titanium condenser will not be damaged due to corrosion, but the titanium tube may be damaged due to vibration. To avoid the vibration problem of the titanium tube, when manufacturing the barrier titanium condenser, Therefore, it is necessary to determine the adaptable spacer spacing; when retrofitting an old unit, it is necessary to check whether the original spacer spacing is suitable for titanium tubes.
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What are the main performance requirements of titanium targets?

Titanium tube target is made of purity is one of the main performance indicators of the target material, because the purity of the target material greatly affects the performance of the thin film. So, what are the main performance requirements of titanium targets? The following is introduced by titanium tube target manufacturers.

Purity is one of the m

ain performance indicators of the target because the purity of the target has a great influence on the performance of the film. However, in practical applications, the purity requirements of the target materials are also different. For example, with the rapid development of the microelectronics industry, the size of silicon wafers has grown from 6 ", 8" to 12 ", while the wiring width has been reduced from 0.5um to 0.25um, 0.18um or even 0.13um, and the previous target purity of 99.995% Can meet the technical requirements of 0.35umIC, and the preparation of 0.18um lines requires 99.999% or even 99.9999% for the purity of the target material.

Impurities in the target solid and oxygen and water vapor in the pores are the main sources of pollution for the deposited film. Different targets have different requirements for different impurity contents. For example, pure aluminum and aluminum alloy targets used in the semiconductor industry have special requirements for alkali metal content and radioactive element content.

In order to reduce the pores in the solids of the target and improve the performance of the sputtered film, the target is usually required to have a higher density. The density of the target not only affects the sputtering rate but also affects the electrical and optical properties of the film. The higher the target density, the better the film performance. In addition, increasing the density and strength of the target allows the target to better withstand the thermal stress during sputtering. Density is also one of the key performance indicators of the target.

The main performance requirements of titanium targets

Grain size and grain size distribution

The target material is usually polycrystalline, and the grain size can be on the order of microns to millimeters. For the same target material, the sputtering rate of a target with fine grains is faster than that of a target with coarse grains; and the thickness distribution of the film deposited by sputtering with a target with a small difference in grain size (uniform distribution) is more uniform.
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What is the role of pure titanium?

Titanium shaped parts are parts used for machinery, made of titanium as raw materials. So, what role does titanium shaped parts pure titanium have?
Pure titanium is a silver-white metal with many excellent properties. The density of titanium is 4.54g / cm3, which is 43% lighter than steel and slightly heavier than the prestigious light metal magnesium. The mechanical strength is similar to that of steel, two times greater than aluminum and five times greater than magnesium. Titanium is resistant to high temperature and has a melting point of 1942K, which is nearly 1000K higher than gold and 500K higher than steel.
Titanium is a chemically active metal. When heating, it can interact with non-metal such as O2, N2, H2, S, and halogen. However, at normal temperature, a thin and dense oxide protective film is easily formed on the titanium surface, which can resist the effects of strong acids or even aqua regia, and exhibits strong corrosion resistance. As a result, the general metals become flawed in the acid solution while titanium is safe and sound.
Liquid titanium can dissolve almost all metals, so it can form alloys with many metals. Titanium steel made by adding titanium to steel is tough and elastic. Titanium and metals Al, Sb, Be, Cr, Fe, etc. generate interstitial compounds or intermetallic compounds.
The aircraft made of titanium alloy can carry more than 100 passengers than other aircraft made of the same weight. The manufactured submarine can resist both seawater corrosion and deep pressure, and its diving depth is 80% higher than that of stainless steel submarines. At the same time, titanium is non-magnetic, will not be discovered by mines, and has a good anti-custodial effect.
Titanium is "biological". In the human body, it can resist the corrosion of secretions and is non-toxic, suitable for any sterilization method. Therefore, it is widely used in the manufacture of medical devices, artificial hip joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, flank joints, skull bones, active heart valves, and bone fixation clips. When new muscle fiber rings are wrapped around these "titanium bones", these titanium bones begin to sustain the body's normal activities.
The titanium of titanium shaped parts is widely distributed in the human body, the content in the normal human body is not more than 15mg per 70kg bodyweight, and its role is not clear. However, titanium can stimulate phagocytic cells and enhance immunity.
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What are the five characteristics of titanium plates?

Features:
1. Titanium seed plate is an oxide film on the surface, which is equivalent to a good long-term wear-resistant hair release agent. The use of a gr7 titanium alloy plate saves the separation agent and makes the peeling of the electrode plate easy, eliminating the pretreatment of the seed plate The board is half lighter than the copper seed board.
2. The service life of the Grade 9 Titanium Plate is more than 3 times that of the copper seed plate, and it can reach 10 to 20 years according to the operating conditions
3. The crystalline structure of electrolytic copper made of titanium seed plate is dense, the surface is flat and smooth, and the quality is excellent.
4. Since the thin titanium plate does not need to be coated with a separating agent, the contamination of the copper electrolyte can be avoided.
5. Increase the production capacity and reduce the production cost of electrolytic copper, thus having better economic benefits