Titanium alloy processing such as titanium rod, titanium wire, titanium plate, titanium forging, etc.

By heating or pressurizing, or both, using or without filling materials, the titanium alloy material workpiece can achieve atomic bonding.

Commonly used welding methods for titanium and titanium alloys are: melt welding, brazing, solid-phase bonding, mechanical bonding, etc. Among them, fusion welding is the most widely used, which can be divided into arc welding, electron beam welding, resistance welding, etc., and inert gas is used more.

The weldability of titanium materials depends on the chemical activity and physical properties of the material itself. At room temperature, the surface of titanium has a thin and dense oxide film with stable performance. As the temperature rises, the activity of titanium increases sharply. When the welding temperature is higher than 600℃, the dense oxide film is destroyed, and the gas can diffuse into the metal through the loose oxide film, and hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements A violent chemical reaction occurs, and these elements exist in titanium as interstitial impurities, which reduces the performance of the welded joint, especially the plasticity. The presence of hydrogen is often the cause of pores and cold cracks in welding.

Before welding titanium materials, mechanical cleaning or chemical cleaning should be used to thoroughly remove dirt, oxides and gas-rich metal layers on the surface of the workpiece.
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Effect of Forging Degree of Titanium Alloy on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Rods and Titanium Forgings

(1) Fine grinding

That is, the surface of titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings is polished by using conventional various types of emery rubber wheels. The problem that should be paid attention to during grinding is still not to make the casting heat, not to cause grinding damage on the surface of the casting, and to make the entire surface smooth.

(2) Barrel grinding method

The so-called barrel grinding method is to put the processed castings, abrasives, water and additives into the barrel-type grinding tank. The grinding barrel generates rotation and vibration, causing friction between the mixture of abrasives and the processed castings, and grinds the surface of the castings smoothly. It is characterized by no dust pollution, low labor intensity, and no heat generation in the conventional grinding process. At present, Japan has commercialized barrel grinders and abrasive materials used for grinding titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings, other metal castings, and plastics. Tests have confirmed that pk series abrasives have the highest grinding efficiency, but the surface roughness is also the highest.

(3) Mechanical polishing method

Use different specifications of soft cloth wheels or black brushes, dipped in titanium and titanium-containing alloy special polishing paste to polish the surface of titanium and titanium alloys. When polishing titanium castings, it is necessary to completely clear the contamination layer on the surface of the casting and no new grinding and hardening layer occurs, which will not achieve the desired polishing effect. High-speed and light-pressure methods are still used for polishing. The author has also tried to use the green polishing paste to polish titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings and achieved a relatively ideal polishing effect. The polished titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings cannot be washed immediately. The surface oxide film must be completely formed before washing, otherwise, the surface will darken.
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How to select and control the deformation amount of titanium rod, titanium forging and medical titanium rod in the forging process

The research and development of high-temperature titanium alloy standard parts is mainly concentrated on the high-temperature titanium alloy at 600℃. The domestic standard parts of titanium alloy are mainly developed by the Institute of Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The composition of Ti60 titanium alloy is a near-α heat-strength titanium alloy improved on the basis of Ti-5.5Al-4Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.3Si-1ND-0.05CTI55, and its comprehensive properties are improved by ND strengthening. The long working temperature of this alloy can reach 600℃, which is suitable for the compressor discs, drums and blades of the high-pressure section of aircraft transmitters. Domestic research on high-strength titanium alloys is mainly concentrated on TB8TC21 and other brand titanium alloys (developed by Northwest Nonferrous Research Institute). The composition of TB8 titanium alloy is Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si medium-stable β-type titanium alloy. In addition to consuming plates and strips, TB8 titanium alloy can also produce foils, wires, tubes, bars and forgings. This plate is mainly used to manufacture aircraft cold-formed sheet metal parts of medium complexity, which can replace structural steel with strength grade of 30CrMnSiA. The newly developed TC21 titanium alloy has stable mechanical properties and matches with the strength, plasticity, fracture toughness, crack growth rate and other indicators. It is a high-strength and high-toughness damage-tolerant titanium alloy with great application prospects. In terms of flame-retardant titanium alloys, the Northwest Nonferrous Institute has developed a low-cost Ti40 flame-retardant titanium alloy with Chinese characteristics. Ti-V-Cr series full beta titanium alloy composed of Ti-V-Cr series Ti-25V-15Cr-0.2Si high alloying has good anti-extinguishing performance and high temperature performance. Ti40 titanium alloy will be suitable for the casing and blades of the key components of the aircraft engine.
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Factors affecting the service life of titanium rods

The fatigue and fracture properties of titanium alloy rods occupies a very important position in determining the service life of the alloy. Over the years, domestic and foreign studies have been conducted to explore the fatigue and fracture mechanisms of titanium alloy rods and their relationship with various metallurgical factors. Due to the complexity of the problem itself and the scattered data from the preliminary experiments, some substantive issues are still not very clear, and the views are not completely unified. Only some representative conclusions are introduced here.

The fatigue life of titanium alloy rods, like other materials, depends on the probability of fatigue crack nucleation and the rate of crack growth. According to the study of pure titanium, fatigue cracks mostly nucleate in the slip zone and at the twin interface, but for Ti-6AI-4V alloys, under low stress conditions, the a-phase and b-phase interfaces are the weakest It is only at high stress levels that the probability of nucleation in the slip zone increases significantly. Increasing the test temperature has a similar effect. In order to improve the fatigue performance, it is usually desirable to obtain a small equiaxed titanium alloy rod. b organization, and b phase is best in a free state to reduce the a/b phase interface area. In addition, the fine-grain slip is relatively uniform, and the free path of slip is short, which can reduce the stress concentration caused by dislocation plugging; at the same time, the fine-grain also has a greater constraint on twins. Conversely, the coarse-grained Widmanstatten structure is easy to nucleate fatigue cracks, so the fatigue strength is low.

In the presence of notches and stress concentration, the effect of grain size is reduced, because the fatigue life at this time mainly depends on the crack growth rate, while the experimental results of pure titanium show that the crack growth rate is not closely related to the grain size.
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Common surface treatment methods for titanium alloy forgings

Sponge titanium is loose and porous, and its strength is very low, so it cannot be used directly as a titanium material. It is the most upstream material of titanium material, which is processed into various shapes of plates, wires, tubes, etc. After melting, forging and rolling. The titanium content of sponge titanium is close to 100%. However, titanium is too active and does not easily react with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen in the air, so it is almost impossible to achieve 100% purity.

The titanium content is generally above 95%, making it industrially pure titanium. Pure titanium is divided into TA1-TA4 according to the difference in titanium content and impurity content. We usually use TA1 and TA2. Impurities are mainly oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, iron and so on. The higher the titanium content, the softer it is. We say the lower the strength, but the better its toughness. Therefore, when we make titanium belt buckles and titanium jewelry, we will use TA1 material where the force is not very strong, while the shaft and small screws will use TA2 material. When we make pure titanium cups, TA2 cannot be used. The higher the purity, the better. In particular, the lower the hydrogen content. Otherwise, the toughness is insufficient, it is easy to crack, or obvious stretch lines or pits appear, and the rejection rate is quite high.

Titanium alloy parts are made by combining titanium with other metals and non-metals. These metals and non-metals such as aluminum, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium, iron, zirconium, tin, oxygen, carbon, etc. Titanium alloys are divided into TA, TB, and TC series according to the different metallographic structure.

Take the commonly used TC4 titanium alloy as an example. Its titanium content is 90%, aluminum 6%, and vanadium 4%, so it is also called titanium 6 aluminum 4 vanadium. TC4 titanium alloy is the earliest developed and most widely used titanium alloy in the world, and it is also the earliest titanium alloy used in medical treatment. Its output accounts for more than 80% of the world's total output of various titanium alloy products, especially in the aerospace industry. It has high anti-corrosion performance, strength is higher than pure titanium, toughness is good, processing and welding are relatively easy, so the overall performance is very good, and like pure titanium, it is not allergic.
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Application of titanium tube in water treatment

With the technological development trend, heat exchangers dominated by titanium materials are on the market, and there is a development trend to replace traditional copper and stainless steel tube side heat exchangers. It uses a pure titanium seamless tube as the heat transfer medium, and the outer cylinder adopts an industrially produced thickened polyvinyl chloride one-time injection molding process; both titanium and pvc have strong corrosion resistance. It can be used for temperature control in swimming pools, aquariums, aquaculture plants, sea baths, electroplating tanks, hot and cold machinery and equipment for ships, and refrigeration systems for chemical machinery and equipment; it can also be used in industries with key anti-corrosion purposes, such as sea surface applications and Metal surface treatment industry. In addition, the use of alloy material ion does not lose this feature, titanium tube heat exchangers are also used in food, purified water, purified water, brewing, wine, beverages, soilless cultivation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and industries. It can also be used in environmental protection industries, such as organic waste gas and sewage recycling, pollutant recycling and so on.
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Study the process of electrolytic titanium smelting tube

After studying the literature, we have not adopted the method of electrolyzing titanium tubes in aqueous media and low-temperature non-aqueous media. Only a salt melt composed of chlorides and fluorides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and dissolved in titanium compounds has been studied. As we know, titanium has a high response-ability to gas elements (oxygen and nitrogen) at 600-900℃, and these impurities affect the mechanical properties of metallic titanium. Considering that these impurities are transferred out of the basal medium during the electrochemical process The possibility of entering the titanium tube deposited on the cathode, so we have proposed a mission for ourselves-to establish an electrolytic cell in which a reliable lazy atmosphere and the elimination of external impurities that contaminate the electrolyte possibility. Using certain principles that are widely used in modern technology, we have planned and produced a large-scale experimental device through long-term exploration and long-term experimentation, which can deal with the purity of all types of electrolyte melts used in the electrolysis of titanium. The first experiment of cutting off the technical regulations of the electrolytic titanium tube was carried out on this equipment.

In order to select the technical process of the electrolytic titanium smelting tube, various compounds of the titanium tube were tested. The electrolysis is titanium trichloride, titanium tetrachloride, potassium fluorotitanate and titanium dioxide.

Titanium trichloride, which has a high solubility in the alkali metal chloride form, enters the electrolyte. When the concentration of trichloride in the melt reaches the beginning of electrolysis; during electrolysis, titanium is precipitated on the metal cathode, and chlorine is separated on the anode. The titanium ingot is taken out of the electrolytic cell, and the chlorine is combined there. The hydrogen junction supplied through the anode constitutes hydrogen chloride.

Because hydrogen is not good for high-temperature electrolysis, I started to look for other ways to make cheap chlorides in the melt. It has been determined that if an electric current is passed along the graphite tube and TiCli vapor is supplied through the graphite tube together, the electric current can restore the disintegrated titanium tetrachloride.

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Performance and Annealing Process of TC4 Titanium Alloy Material

Medical titanium alloy medical instruments are the third generation surgical instruments after carbon steel and stainless steel. In order to improve the anti-rust performance of stainless steel appliances, surface treatments such as chrome plating and electropolishing are often required. But chromium is toxic, and the peeled off chromium layer will have a certain impact on the human body. The medical titanium rods produced by many medical titanium rod manufacturers are used in medical devices.

The benefits of medical titanium alloys as medical devices are:

1. The equipment is light and handy, which can reduce the damage to blood vessels, muscles and organs during the operation, and reduce the fatigue of the doctor. The medical titanium equipment is more suitable for fine microsurgery operations;

2. Good corrosion resistance and non-toxicity, the equipment does not rust, the wound is not easy to be infected, and the wound heals quickly;

3. The medical titanium alloy has moderate elasticity and is suitable for pliers, tweezers, micro scalpels and other instruments;

4. When operating under a shadowless lamp, the reflective performance of medical titanium is weaker, which is more suitable than stainless steel;

Medical titanium medical instruments mainly include scalpel, surgical forceps, surgical forceps, chest expander, suture needle, suture thread, etc. Medical titanium wire is used as a surgical suture. Compared with other materials (such as stainless steel wire), it has the advantages of small tissue response and good torsion resistance. After suturing, the surgical wound is not easy to be inflamed, and the bone suture site is not easy to shift. The suture thread generally uses medical titanium wire (TA1 or TA2 wire) with a diameter of 0.5 to 0.8 mm. In addition, the soft elasticity produced by the titanium-nickel alloy wire can promote the rapid healing of the wound.

In addition, medical titanium alloy is also an important material for auxiliary rehabilitation equipment, such as wheelchairs, crutches, splints, and medical equipment.
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Method for identifying counterfeit products by titanium rods

Titanium alloy TC4 has a higher specific strength and is stronger than ultra-high-strength steel. Titanium has a high chemical activity. Above 600°C, titanium absorbs oxygen and forms a hardened layer with high hardness. The thermal conductivity of titanium is low, about 1/5 of that of iron and 1/14 of that of aluminum. The modulus of elasticity of titanium is small, about 1/2 of that of steel. Because of the special properties of titanium alloy processing, there are mainly the following difficulties in processing:

(1) The cutting deformation coefficient of titanium alloy is close to 1, so the sliding friction distance of chips on the rake face is greatly increased, which accelerates tool wear.

(2) The thermal conductivity is low and the cutting temperature is high. Under the same conditions, TC4 is more than twice as high as 45 steel.

(3) Due to the short contact length between the tool and the chip, the cutting force per unit contact area is greatly increased, and it is easy to chip.

(4) The chemical activity is large, and it is easy to produce a surface metamorphic pollution layer, which makes the organization uneven, severely damages the tool, and produces chipping, chipping, and peeling.

(5) Due to the high affinity of titanium alloy and high cutting temperature, the sticking phenomenon during cutting is serious, which will cause bonding wear during the cutting process. Therefore, chipping, chip breaking and chip removal will occur in the process of titanium alloy thin-walled titanium machining parts, so it is more difficult to prevent the distortion of the machined parts.

Titanium alloy has poor cutting performance and is one of the typical difficult-to-machine materials. This requires us to combine theory with practice in work, accumulate processing experience in actual work, and formulate practical titanium alloy processing and construction technology plans for problems. The equipment, tools, fixtures, cutting parameters and other process methods of titanium alloy processing parts of this type of material parts are summarized and demonstrated, in order to better guide the processing and application of titanium alloys in practice. It is hoped that this article can be useful in the manufacturing industry. My colleagues were helpful and inspired.
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The occurrence of cracks in the titanium plate and the countermeasures

Titanium weld cracks are cold cracks, mainly caused by hydrogen in the weld. The main sources of hydrogen are moisture and oil in the sheet and welding wire, and environmental humidity is the main reason for the increase in hydrogen in the weld.

Under the action of high temperature during welding, a large amount of hydrogen dissolves in the molten pool. During the cooling and solidification process of the weld, the hydrogen easily escapes due to the rapid decrease in insolubility. If the welding seam cooling rate is too fast, hydrogen can not escape and remain in the welding seam, which will make the hydrogen in the welding seam supersaturated, so the hydrogen has to diffuse as much as possible and promote further embrittlement of this area.

If there is a notch effect in this part and the hydrogen concentration is high enough, cracks may occur. Especially in winter construction, the ambient temperature is low, and water vapor adheres to the titanium plate, creating conditions for hydrogenation of the weld. Because the titanium plate is too thin (1.2mm), the steel plate is relatively "hot" and the temperature rises slowly, and the corresponding titanium composite layer welding seam is cooled too fast. During the cooling process, the residual hydrogen in the welding seam is too late to escape. It exists in the form of supersaturation in the weld, which eventually leads to the appearance of cracks.

Therefore, during the welding process of the titanium steel clad plate, the surface of the base metal and welding wire must be carefully cleaned, and the ambient temperature must not be lower than 5°C. During winter construction, flames are used to preheat the base steel surface, one is to remove the moisture around the weld; the other is to increase the temperature of the weldment and reduce the cooling rate of the weld.
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Analysis of rolling technology for titanium alloy pipe materials used in nuclear industry and aerospace industry

1. Aerospace

The major titanium use countries in the aerospace industry are concentrated in Western countries, especially the United States, where 60% of titanium is used in this field. Asian countries, Japan and China all invest about 10% of titanium in this field. However, with the rapid development of Asian aerospace in recent years, the consumption of titanium in the aerospace field will increase accordingly. From a global perspective, the aviation industry plays a decisive role in the titanium market. Historically, the major cycles of the titanium industry are closely related to the aviation industry.

2. Civil aircraft

(1) Reduce structural weight and improve structural efficiency

(2) Meet the use requirements of high-temperature parts

(3) Meet the requirements that match the structure of the composite material

(4) Meet the requirements of high corrosion resistance and long life

3. Military weapons

The development and procurement of military weapons continue to develop in the direction of lightness and flexibility. In order to meet the fighter's combat performance requirements, in addition to the use of advanced design technology, it is necessary to use materials with excellent performance and advanced manufacturing technology. One of the important measures is to choose a large number of titanium alloys and improve the application level of advanced titanium alloys.

Since the 1960s, the amount of titanium used in foreign military aircraft has increased year by year. The amount of titanium alloy used in various advanced military fighters and bombers designed in Europe and the United States has stabilized at more than 20%, and the proportion of titanium used in new models is increasing. Promote.

4. Car

Reducing fuel consumption and reducing hazardous waste (CO2, NOX, etc.) emissions has become one of the main driving forces and directions for technological progress in the automotive industry. Research shows that lightweight is an effective measure to save fuel and reduce pollution. For every 10% reduction in the quality of a car, fuel consumption can be reduced by 8%-10%, and exhaust emissions can be reduced by 10%.

In terms of driving, the acceleration performance of the vehicle is improved after the weight is reduced, and the vehicle control stability, noise, and vibration are also improved. From the perspective of collision safety, after the car is lightweight, the inertia during a collision is small and the braking distance is reduced.

The preferred way to reduce the weight of automobiles is to replace traditional automobile materials (steel) with light materials with high specific strength, such as aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. In 2009, the global amount of titanium used in automobiles reached 3,000 tons. Titanium has been used in racing cars for many years. At present, almost all racing cars use titanium. Japanese cars use more than 600 tons of titanium. With the development of the global automobile industry, the use of titanium for automobiles is still increasing rapidly.
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Wide application prospects of titanium equipment

In the petroleum refining process in the petroleum industry, sulfides and chlorides in petroleum products are very corrosive to equipment, especially petroleum refining equipment such as the initial distillation tower, the top of the atmospheric tower and the top condenser, using titanium as The materials of the above-mentioned parts have achieved good results and basically solved the corrosion problem of the above-mentioned parts.

The first foreign oil refineries used titanium tubes as coolers. Titanium is not only used in seawater corroded parts but also suitable for process heat exchangers that do not use seawater cooling. Titanium tubes are used in the condensation cooling system at the top of the crude oil distillation tower to prevent corrosion of chlorides and sulfides. The combination of the titanium tube bundle and tube sheet has been used not only in the United States but also in the United Kingdom for many years, including heat exchangers for heating crude oil and condensers for the final product cooled by sewage. The heat exchangers were originally made of traditional copper-nickel alloy or Monel alloy. However, due to corrosion such as vulcanization, the service life of the equipment is very limited. After using the titanium heat exchanger, the effect is very good.

In the metallurgical industry

With the development of the metallurgical industry, titanium has been popularized and applied as a structural material with high strength and corrosion resistance. In the hydrometallurgical process, because the equipment is exposed to alkali, acid and various corrosive gases, soot, etc., traditional aluminum alloy, acid-resistant stainless steel and other materials cannot meet the needs of the production process, which limits the development of hydrometallurgy. The use of titanium equipment is of great significance for improving production efficiency, solving the common phenomena of running, emitting, dripping, and leaking in hydrometallurgy, and reducing environmental pollution.

Application in electrolytic nickel production

In the production of electrolytic nickel, the equipment is exposed to solutions with high acid content and active ions, and titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, so it becomes an ideal material for manufacturing electrolytic nickel equipment.

Compared with the stainless steel mother plate, the cathode mother plate in the production of electrolytic nickel has better economic effects and superior performance. For example, the deposited nickel skin is not easy to stick to the plate, easy to peel, and the peeling rate is improved; the starting electrode of the titanium mother plate is flat. Straight, good rigidity, uniform current density during electrolysis. Shanghai Smelter, Jinchuan Nonferrous Metals Co., etc. have used titanium cathode mother plates, which have achieved good economic benefits.

In addition, a large number of titanium materials are also used in the heaters, pumps, valves, etc. of electrolytic nickel production equipment.
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What problems will the titanium tube encounter at the beginning of its formation?

When the world began to produce titanium tube parts, it once encountered a lot of troubles. They are mainly metalworkers and technicians who are familiar with aluminum tube parts, but they are very uncomfortable with titanium tube forming. First of all, the cutting and trimming process is too fast because the blade of the scissors wears out too quickly. When the shape is adjusted, the hammerhead is very easy to be arrogant. During the repair process, the clock rebounds very high. Stick to the model. Because of this, everyone refers to titanium as a difficult-to-form material, and industry personnel call it a hot forming material. This is a more general and perceptual evaluation of the forming performance of titanium tubes. But this can't affect people's specific analysis, after understanding its characteristics, in order to make appropriate treatment.

To be precise, titanium not only has the disadvantages of particularly large spring back, but it also has significant advantages. For example, in 1970, in the room temperature technical depth test of pure titanium pipes, it successfully processed cylindrical parts with a limit drawing coefficient of 2.75. , Which greatly exceeds the record of heavy materials such as steel, steel and aluminum. Experiments conducted as early as 10 years ago achieved better results and also used conventional drawing models and other materials to process spherical parts with a height exceeding the radius in a single process. It laid the foundation for the development of our current titanium industry.

Ships will definitely be corroded in seawater, which will seriously affect their lifespan. Then improving the corrosion resistance of the hull has become the first goal of many shipbuilding companies.
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