What is the reaction of titanium alloy materials in the air?

The reaction of titanium alloy materials in the air, such as titanium rods, titanium tubes, etc., is usually related to the three non-metallic elements of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. Their reaction process is closely related to temperature.

Titanium reacts very slowly with oxygen in the air below 100 degrees, and only the surface is oxidized at 500 degrees. As the temperature increases, the surface oxide film begins to dissolve in the titanium, and oxygen begins to diffuse into the metal. However, at 700°C, oxygen does not enter the inner lattice of the metal. When the temperature exceeds 700°C, the diffusion of oxygen to the metal is accelerated, and the surface oxide film loses its protective effect at high temperatures.

The reaction of titanium with oxygen depends on the shape and temperature of titanium. Powder titanium will burn or explode violently under the action of static electricity, sparks and friction in the air at room temperature. However, dense titanium is stable in air at room temperature. When the dense titanium is heated in air, it starts to react with oxygen. First, oxygen enters the crystal lattice on the titanium surface to form a dense oxide film. The oxide film on the surface can prevent oxygen from diffusing into the interior and has a protective effect. Therefore, titanium is stable in the air below 500°C. The color of the surface oxide film is related to the formation temperature. Below 200 degrees is silvery-white, 300 degrees is light yellow, 400 degrees is golden yellow, 500 degrees is blue, 600 degrees is purple, 700-800 degrees is red-gray, and 800-900 degrees is gray. In pure oxygen, the initial temperature ratio of titanium to oxygen is lower than the initial temperature ratio in air. At about 500-600°C, titanium burns in oxygen.

Titanium does not react with nitrogen at room temperature, but at high temperatures, titanium is one of the few metal elements that can burn in nitrogen. When the combustion temperature of titanium in nitrogen is higher than 800°C, the reaction between titanium and nitrogen is very violent. The reaction of titanium and nitrogen can not only generate titanium nitride (ti3n, Ti N, etc.), but also form a Ti-N solid solution. When the temperature is 500-550℃, titanium starts to absorb nitrogen and form an interstitial solid solution; when the temperature exceeds 600℃, the nitrogen absorption rate of titanium increases. In the Ti-N solid solution, nitrogen enters the titanium lattice in the form of titanium nitride, the phase transition temperature of titanium increases, and nitrogen is also a stabilizer of titanium. The maximum solubility (mass fraction) of nitrogen in the air is 7% at 1050°C and 2% at 2020°C. However, the absorption rate of nitrogen by titanium is much slower than the absorption rate of oxygen. Therefore, titanium mainly absorbs oxygen in the air, while the absorption of nitrogen is secondary.
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How to do the preservation of titanium alloy screws

Although titanium alloy screws are small, they are used in many places. However, how should we keep them when we don't need them? It is necessary to know that titanium alloy screws are prone to rust if they have been exposed to the air, so it is necessary to do a good job of moisture-proofing titanium alloy screws:

1. The choice of component insulation dipping varnish, such as epoxy resin or polyurethane dipping varnish. Choose paint that does not contain volatile acids. Vibrating machinery uses solvent-free paint.

2. When using titanium alloy screw melamine alkyd paint, the curing temperature and curing time should be adjusted. The curing temperature is slightly higher than 130 degrees Celsius and the curing time is greater than 180 minutes. It is appropriate to strictly implement the process, especially in the hot and humid seasons. Because of the concept of rust and rust, the conventional drying time of the sample paint factory is not necessarily abundant, and cars have a specific internal shape.

3. Surface corrosion treatment of titanium alloy screws refers to the use of various methods to maintain the metal surface. The role is to isolate the metal from the corrosive environment to inhibit the corrosion process, reduce the contact between corrosive media and the metal surface, and achieve the purpose of preventing or slowing down corrosion.

Pay special attention to the selection technology of screw material:

1. The mechanical properties and strength requirements of the screw material are strong. Some screws need relatively high strength, and then choose the higher the strength of the screw material itself.

2. The corrosion resistance of materials in working conditions is required. Some screws of the standard network are used for the above-mentioned products with strong corrosion. This requires us to choose the corrosion resistance of strong spiral steel wires.

3. The material's heat resistance and working temperature requirements. When some titanium alloy screws are used for high-temperature operation, it is necessary to select the high-temperature performance of the screw material.

4. Performance requirements in the production process of material processing. Some titanium alloy screws need to deal with the difficulty of thread and hardness in the production process, so it is necessary to choose the appropriate hardness of the screw material, which is conducive to processing and production.

5. The screw material is selected due to the weight, price, purchase and other factors of the screw itself. It is a better choice to consider the materials in these fields properly.

The above is some work on the moisture-proof of titanium alloy screws, starting from the details, save the titanium alloy screws and use them when needed.
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Use and formation classification of titanium alloy

The output power of titanium alloy die forgings is much higher than that of free forgings, but it requires equipment and forging dies, which is suitable for large quantities of medium and small forgings. According to the cross-sectional shape, the profiles can be divided into special sections such as round steel, square steel, hexagonal steel, flat steel, angle steel, channel steel, I-beam, etc. The profiles are hot-rolled and cold-drawn. Hot-rolled profiles have low precision and low prices. Suitable for general titanium alloy blanks. Cold-drawn profiles have the characteristics of small size, high precision, and easy to complete active feed, but they are expensive and are mainly used for mass production and suitable for active machine tool processing.

Driven by science and technology, new materials have emerged and the application fields have gradually expanded. The application of titanium in the C919 large aircraft project and the 4500-meter deep submersible manned spherical shell project has shown a good trend of vigorous development of the titanium industry. Looking back at the development of my country’s titanium industry in 2018, Wang Wensheng, chairman of the Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium Branch of the Nonferrous Metals Industry Association, believes that although the demand for aviation and other industries continues to improve in 2018, titanium sponge continues to hit new highs with the rise in the price of titanium and raw materials. However, the pressure on environmental protection is increasing, the demand in traditional industrial fields such as chemical industry, metallurgy, and salt making is still shrinking, and the price of titanium materials is rising weakly.

Titanium materials: titanium plate, titanium rod, titanium tube, titanium wire, titanium copper composite rod, titanium steel composite plate. Titanium products: titanium screws, titanium machined parts, titanium flanges, titanium pipe fittings, titanium pipes, titanium target blocks, titanium special-shaped parts, etc. Titanium equipment category: titanium tube heat exchanger, titanium coil, titanium heating tube, titanium cooler, titanium condenser, titanium anode plate, titanium filter, titanium evaporator, titanium stirring shaft and other titanium non-standard equipment. Products are widely used in vacuum salt production, chemical, petrochemical, production, Chlor-alkali industry, electroplating, electrolysis, aviation, seawater desalination and other industries.
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Welding problems of dissimilar metals such as titanium alloy and steel

Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace, medical equipment and other industries because of their high specific strength and thermal conductivity, good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Due to the particularity of dissimilar metal connection, common methods include diffusion welding, friction stir welding, fusion brazing, laser welding, cold pressure welding and other special connection techniques. Research on the welding of titanium alloys and dissimilar metals is an effective way to give full play to the excellent properties of titanium alloys and expand its application range.

Titanium alloy/steel dissimilar welding composite structure not only has a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance of titanium alloy but also is compatible with the advantages of wide application range and low price of steel materials. However, due to the large difference in thermal conductivity and linear expansion coefficient between titanium alloy and steel, and poor mutual solubility, brittle and hard Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds are easily formed during welding, making it difficult to weld dissimilar titanium alloy/steel. In order to solve these problems, the researchers conducted in-depth research and analysis on the diffusion welding, brazing, explosive welding and other welding technologies of titanium alloy/steel dissimilar metals.

Ti6Al2Zr2Mo2V titanium alloy and 304 austenitic stainless steel were electron beam welded, and the filler material used was a V/Cu-based composite material. Experiments show that a single filler cannot effectively inhibit the formation of Ti Fe intermetallic compounds, and only two or more fillers can achieve the inhibition effect. used Ti+Zr-based 40Ti-20Zr-20Cu-20Ni solder, silver-based Ag-6Pd solder, nickel-based BNi2 and BNi7 solder to braze Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and STS304 stainless steel. Welding experiment. Experiments have proved that Ni in the Ni-based filling material can effectively act as a stabilizing element, thereby reducing the transition temperature of the β phase. For Ag-based filler materials, although other materials can be added to increase the strength of the welded joint, the poor affinity of Ag and Ti cannot effectively improve the diffusion of the filler material. Wetting angle and the number of atoms diffused into the steel side base material BNi7≥BNi2>40>Ag-5Pd. The microstructure of the explosive welding joint zone of titanium and 20 steel was analyzed. The steel side and the titanium side base metal at the welding interface contained high-density dislocations. Among them, the steel side appeared equiaxed fine crystals and deformation. Long grain area. A composite interface fused with each other can be observed in the bonding zone, indicating that the high energy generated by the explosion melts the interface metal, and the spraying and quenching of liquid metal causes the appearance of microcrystals, micro twins and metastable phases of titanium in the bonding zone. Using pure Ag as a filler material for pressure diffusion welding of industrial pure titanium and 304 stainless steel, experiments show that Ag can effectively inhibit the formation of brittle intermetallic compound Ti-Fe, and the intermetallic compound formed by Ag has a strong bearing capacity, thereby improving welding The strength of the joint.

Dissimilar metal welding refers to the joining of two different types and properties of metal materials through a specific welding process to form a structural component with integrity and expected performance. The thermal conductivity and linear expansion coefficient of titanium alloy and dissimilar metals are quite different, and brittle intermetallic compounds are easily formed during the welding process, which leads to the deterioration of the strength of the welded joint. Therefore, it is very necessary to add appropriate intermediate transition metals and select appropriate welding processes and welding methods in the welding process to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints.
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Improve surface quality and performance of titanium plate

A significant feature of the titanium plate is its strong corrosion resistance. This is because it has a particularly strong affinity for oxygen and can form a dense oxide film on its surface, which can protect titanium from corrosion by the medium. , Neutral salt solution has good stability in neutralizing oxidizing medium, and it has better corrosion resistance than existing stainless steel and other commonly used non-ferrous metals, and even comparable to platinum. 

The quality of the titanium plate is largely determined by the smelting process, including the chemical composition of the titanium, the cleanliness of the titanium water (gas, harmful elements, inclusions) and the quality of the casting (component segregation, decarburization and surface conditions) These aspects are the key control points of smelting operations. In addition, industrial titanium plates also require sufficient hardenability to ensure uniform microstructure and mechanical properties across the spring section. The main cause of fatigue cracks in the oxide inclusions in titanium and the damage of type D inclusions to fatigue life is greater than that of type B inclusions. Therefore, foreign titanium factories and automobile factories have put forward higher requirements for oxide inclusions in industrial titanium plates. In particular, Al2O3 and TiN inclusions are the most harmful to the fatigue life of titanium springs. In order to produce high-quality industrial titanium plates, special smelting methods such as electric furnace-electro slag remelting or vacuum arc remelting are usually used in the past.
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Characteristics of chemical, physical and mechanical properties of titanium

1. The density of metal titanium is 4.51g/cm3, which is higher than aluminum but lower than steel, copper, and nickel, but its specific strength is the first among metals. The melting point of titanium is 1660±10°C. The boiling point is 3287°C. The valences are +2, +3 and +4. It has good corrosion resistance and is not affected by the atmosphere and seawater. At room temperature, it will not be corroded by dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, nitric acid or dilute alkali solution; only hydrofluoric acid, hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, etc. can act on it.

2. Metal titanium dust is explosive and will burn and explode when exposed to heat, open flames or chemical reactions. Its powder has high chemical activity and can ignite spontaneously in the air. Metal titanium can not only burn in air, but also in carbon dioxide or nitrogen. It is easy to combine with halogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitriding at high temperature. Use dry powder and dry sand to extinguish the fire when titanium is burned. It is strictly prohibited to use water, foam and carbon dioxide to fight the fire. In the event of high heat or violent burning, fighting with water may cause an explosion.

3. Titanium is highly active, not only in the molten state, even in the solid-state above 400 ℃, it is also easily polluted by moisture, air, grease and oxides, and absorbs oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, etc. The plasticity and toughness of welded joints decrease, causing pores and cracks. The main hazards of iron pollution to titanium are the formation of brittle titanium-iron compounds during welding and heating, which reduces the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the weld; under the action of corrosive media, surface iron particles cause pitting corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement.

4. The linear expansion coefficient of titanium is about 2/3 of carbon steel, which is equivalent to 50% of stainless steel. The thermal conductivity of titanium is 4.5 times smaller than that of carbon steel and lower than that of stainless steel.

5. Titanium has obvious resilience, and its resilience is 2 to 3 times that of stainless steel during cold forming. Like stainless steel, adhesion occurs easily. The tensile strength of titanium decreases with increasing temperature. When the temperature reaches 250 degrees, its tensile strength is only 50% of room temperature.

6. The plasticity of industrial pure titanium has a special relationship with temperature, from room temperature to 200. At C, the relative elongation of titanium increases, and then it begins to decrease when the temperature continues to rise. The relative elongation reached a minimum at 450~500 and then increased significantly. Therefore, the use of temperature does not exceed 350°C.
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Welding problems of dissimilar metals such as titanium alloy and steel

Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace, medical equipment and other industries due to their advantages such as high specific strength and thermal conductivity, good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Due to the particularity of dissimilar metal connection, common methods include diffusion welding, friction stir welding, fusion brazing, laser welding, cold pressure welding and other special connection techniques. Studying the welding of titanium alloys and dissimilar metals is an effective way to give full play to the excellent properties of titanium alloys and expand its application range.

Titanium alloy/steel dissimilar welding composite structure not only has high specific strength and good corrosion resistance of titanium alloy, but also is compatible with the advantages of wide application range and low price of steel materials. However, due to the large difference in thermal conductivity and linear expansion coefficient between titanium alloy and steel, and poor mutual solubility, brittle and hard Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds are easily formed during welding, making it difficult to weld dissimilar titanium alloy/steel . In order to solve these problems, the researchers conducted in-depth research and analysis on the diffusion welding, brazing, explosive welding and other welding technologies of titanium alloy/steel dissimilar metals.

Ti6Al2Zr2Mo2V titanium alloy and 304 austenitic stainless steel were electron beam welded, and the filler material used was a V/Cu-based composite material. Experiments show that a single filler cannot effectively inhibit the formation of Ti Fe intermetallic compounds, and only two or more fillers can achieve the inhibition effect. Lihang Titanium has used Ti+Zr-based 40Ti-20Zr-20Cu-20Ni solder, silver-based Ag-6Pd solder, nickel-based BNi2 and BNi7 solder to braze Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and STS304 stainless steel. Welding experiment. Experiments show that Ni in the Ni-based filling material can effectively act as a stabilizing element, thereby reducing the transition temperature of the β phase. For Ag-based filler materials, although other materials can be added to increase the strength of the welded joint, the poor affinity of Ag and Ti cannot effectively improve the diffusion of the filler material. Wetting angle and the number of atoms diffused into the steel side base material BNi7≥BNi2>40>Ag-5Pd. The microstructure of the explosive welding joint zone of titanium and 20 steel was analyzed. The steel side and the titanium side base metal at the welding interface contained high-density dislocations. Among them, the steel side appeared equiaxed fine crystals and deformation. Long grain area. A composite interface fused with each other can be observed in the bonding zone, indicating that the high energy generated by the explosion melts the interface metal, and the spraying and quenching of liquid metal causes the appearance of microcrystals, micro twins and metastable phases of titanium in the bonding zone. Using pure Ag as a filler material for pressure diffusion welding of industrial pure titanium and 304 stainless steel, experiments show that Ag can effectively inhibit the formation of brittle intermetallic compound Ti-Fe, and the intermetallic compound formed by Ag has a strong bearing capacity, thereby improving welding The strength of the joint.

Dissimilar metal welding refers to the joining of two different types and properties of metal materials through a specific welding process to form a structural member with integrity and expected performance. The thermal conductivity and linear expansion coefficient of titanium alloy and dissimilar metals are quite different, and brittle intermetallic compounds are easily formed during the welding process, which leads to the deterioration of the strength of the welded joint. Therefore, it is very necessary to add appropriate intermediate transition metal, select appropriate welding process and welding method in the welding process to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint.
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Production and application of titanium and titanium alloy pipes at home and abroad

There are 8 main titanium producing countries in the world. According to the output ranking, they are the United States, Russia, Japan, China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy. In recent years, driven by the economic growth of Asian countries including China and Japan, especially the rapid increase in the amount of titanium used in petrochemical and military industries with China as the core, the demand for titanium in the world has increased rapidly. Increase in double-digit rates every year. The United States is the world's largest demand for titanium materials. It is also the largest country in production, with an output of more than 35,000 tons in 2012; Russia's titanium output ranks second in the world, with an output of about 30 thousand tons in 2012; China produced about 28,000 tons of titanium in 2012, and it is expected to exceed 3.0 in 2013 10,000 tons; Japan's production in 2012 also reached about 19,000 tons; Europe's titanium output has not changed much in the past two years. 

However, compared with the advantages of developed countries in the deep processing and application of titanium materials, the development of domestic titanium materials is still relatively extensive, and most of them are still in the processing of raw materials or crude products. A small number of finished products with higher technical content are mainly used in military products. It cannot be widely promoted to the civilian field for reasons such as cost.
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Rolling method of titanium thick wall tube, titanium seamless tube and titanium alloy tube

Titanium pipes can be divided into two categories: seamless pipes and welded pipes, which can be further divided into hot-extruded pipes, hot-rolled pipes, cold-rolled pipes, welded pipes, and welded-rolled pipes. Cross rolling (two-roll or three-roll through the mill) method of production. Thin-walled seamless titanium tube (small diameter) needs to be cold-rolled or drawn. Some titanium alloys have low plasticity in cold rolling and are prone to cracking. In order to improve the rollability of titanium alloy tubes, warm rolling can be used.

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What are the differences between hot rolled titanium plate and cold rolled titanium plate?

Titanium is a metal with light density, high specific strength, non-magnetic, and easy to process and shape. Titanium and titanium alloys have excellent corrosion resistance to most acid, alkali, and salt solutions. In corrosive media, such as the presence of chloride ions At times, its corrosion resistance is significantly higher than that of steel (including stainless steel), and its corrosion resistance in seawater is almost comparable to platinum.

The carbon content of hot-rolled titanium plate is relatively higher than that of cold-rolled titanium plate. This is because cold-rolled titanium plate will be ground and cold-rolled again on the basis of hot-rolled titanium plate, so as to absorb the surface of hot-rolled titanium plate The C element in the titanium dioxide is removed. The density of cold-rolled titanium plate and hot-rolled titanium plate are the same with little difference in composition. The details also depend on the composition. Hot-rolled titanium products only have very good ductility, and titanium materials are also subject to pressure effects.

Hot-rolled titanium products are divided into layout titanium, low-carbon titanium, welded bottle titanium, and then find the titanium material you need based on various titanium materials, and check the density and composition of the specific titanium material.

Hot-rolled titanium products have low hardness, simple processing and good ductility.

The cold-rolled sheet has high hardness and is relatively difficult to process, but it is not easy to deform and has high strength.

 Hot-rolled titanium products have relatively low strength and poor surface quality (oxidation\low finish), but good plasticity, usually medium-thick plates, cold-rolled plates: high strength, high hardness, high surface finish, usually thin plates, As a stamping board.

The production process of hot-rolled titanium product sheets and cold-rolled titanium product sheets is different. Hot rolled titanium products are rolled at high temperature, and cold rolled is rolled at normal temperature. Generally speaking, cold-rolled titanium product sheets have very good strength, and hot-rolled titanium product sheets have very good ductility. The thickness of cold-rolled is usually smaller, and the thickness of hot-rolled can be larger. The surface quality, appearance, and dimensional accuracy of cold-rolled titanium products are better than hot-rolled plates, and the thickness of their products can be rolled as thin as about 0.18mm, so they are more popular. Regarding the inspection of goods, professionals can be asked to do it.

The mechanical properties of hot-rolled titanium products are far inferior to cold processing and inferior to casting processing, but they have better resistance and ductility.
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Can the titanium tube be used at low temperature?

Titanium is a rare metal element, and its performance is far beyond what we have seen. General power generation equipment, especially the side with a lower thermal cycle temperature, provides an ideal environment for titanium.

It is possible to develop a new type of titanium tube that can be used at a higher working temperature. Compared with the developed high-strength low-temperature titanium tube, it will have greater potential in saving metal and improving efficiency. The goal is to develop a titanium tube that can be used at a temperature of 650°C. This alloy can be used on high-pressure turbine wheels and can reduce weight by 20% compared with the commonly used base wheels.

However, with the increase of working temperature, titanium tubes will inevitably bring more new problems, such as surface oxidation, long-term stability of mass metallurgical production, friction corrosion, fire hazard, and hot salt stress corrosion. Some problems can be solved by surface coating or surface treatment. For this reason, research in this area is currently being actively carried out.
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The advantages and recognition of pure titanium and titanium alloy spectacle frames:

Titanium metal has good corrosion resistance, similar to platinum (commonly known as platinum), its mechanical properties are excellent, its texture is light, and its unit weight is only 48% of general metal. Therefore, titanium is an ideal spectacle frame material because it has nothing to do with it. It is relatively light, flexible, and corrosion-resistant. However, the production cost of titanium and titanium alloy glasses is relatively high, and there are special high requirements on the process in cutting, stamping, welding and electroplating (for example welding must be done in a vacuum), so the price is relatively expensive.

With the increasing maturity of the research and development of titanium materials and the increasing maturity of processing technology, a variety of titanium-based frames such as pure titanium, B titanium, and memory titanium have appeared on the market. Among them, the purity of the pure titanium frame is required to reach 99.9% (excluding gaskets, screws, stipules and leg sleeves), and its logo is called PURE TITANIUM, or Ti-P for short. However, individual manufacturers have also carried out the above markings on some non-pure titanium or titanium alloy materials driven by their interests. In addition, the majority of consumers have insufficient ability to distinguish pure titanium frames, resulting in the appearance of frames after consumers wear titanium frames. Phenomena such as rust and skin allergies harm the interests of consumers. Here are a few simple methods to identify pure titanium spectacle frames.

1. Weight by hand, usually the specific gravity of the alloy frame is about 8.9g/cm3, and the specific gravity of the pure titanium frame is about 4.5g/cm3. Since the weight of the titanium material is equivalent to half of the alloy frame, it is lighter by hand. This is one of the easiest ways to distinguish between a titanium frame and a non-titanium frame.

2. Observe the welding points of the nose pad stem and the nose pad bucket. The welding of pure titanium material is a vacuum and oxygen-free butt welding. This is one of the effective ways to distinguish between the titanium frame and non-titanium frame.

3. Observe whether there is a gasket at the hinge joint. The pure titanium frame should not make direct contact between titanium and titanium at the hinge part, otherwise, the joints will be wrinkled and the temples will not open and close smoothly. Usually, two thin spacers are embedded in the hinge part of the pure titanium frame to separate the upper and lower hinges. Therefore, checking whether there is a gasket at the hinge is also a good way to identify whether a pure titanium frame.

4. Use a magnet as a magnetic response, loosen the hinge of the frame as much as possible, and use the magnet to attract it in a freely movable state. If the temple is swayed under the attraction of the magnet, it means that the frame is not pure titanium. The frame may be a pure titanium frame.
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