Application of Titanium in the Aviation Industry

The specific strength (strength and importance ratio) of titanium and its alloys is very high in metal structural materials. Its strength is equivalent to that of steel, but its importance is only 57% of steel. In addition, titanium and its alloys have strong heat resistance, can still maintain good strength and stability in the atmosphere at 500 ℃, and the working temperature can be even higher in a short time. Whereas at 150 ° C, aluminum loses its original mechanical properties at 310 ° C.
When aircraft missiles and rockets fly at high speeds, their engine and surface temperatures are quite high, and aluminum alloys are no longer capable, and titanium alloys are very suitable. It is precise because titanium and its alloys have the comprehensive and excellent properties of high strength, lightweight, and high heat resistance. When it is used to replace other metals in aircraft manufacturing, it can not only extend the life of the aircraft but also reduce its weight. Greatly improve its flight performance. Therefore, titanium is one of the most promising structural materials for the aviation and aerospace industries.
The amount of titanium used in aircraft engines has increased, and the fuselage also partially requires titanium. For airplanes with Mach numbers greater than 3.5, the engine inlet temperature is already high, so it cannot have high impact strength and can withstand high pressure and vibration. Therefore, titanium and its alloys are only used in the manufacture of engine casings and structural components on rockets, missiles, and spacecraft, and also in the manufacture of high-pressure vessels, such as high-pressure gas cylinders and low-temperature liquid fuel tanks. In addition, titanium and its alloys have applications in atomic energy reactors and military weapons.
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Difference between titanium plate and stainless steel plate

If it is a pure titanium plate. It shows that it is only composed of titanium, a chemical element. Titanium is very light. Commonly used in aviation. medicine. And resistant to corrosion. So the value is more expensive.
Stainless steel is much cheaper. It is also more versatile. Why stainless steel is not easy to rust, it is related to adding more than 12.5%  chromium to steel. In the oxidative corruption incapable corrosion medium, chromium can quickly form a dense passivation film on the surface of the steel to prevent the metal substrate from being damaged. When the chromium content is above 12.5%, a dense and stable passivation film is formed, and the rust prevention performance undergoes a step-wise consolidation, and the rust resistance is greatly enhanced. This is why the chromium content in stainless steel needs to be 12% The reason above.
Commonly used stainless steel materials are 304 chemical element is 1Cr18Ni9Ti, where 1 seems to refer to the carbon content. Cr18 refers to the content of chromium. Ni9 refers to the content of nickel Ti, which is the titanium of the titanium plate you said above. Very little in stainless steel.
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Application and advantages of titanium alloy materials in cardio-cerebral vascular repair materials

Examples of titanium and titanium alloys in human cardiovascular applications include artificial heart valves, blood filters, pacemakers, and artificial heart pumps.
Its advantages are:
① High strength, good chemical stability, and excellent biocompatibility;
② Titanium is non-magnetic and rarely produces artifacts in the magnetic resonance spectrum MRI;
③ The elastic ability and shape recovery function of NiTi memory alloys are very suitable for medical applications. NiTi alloys are martensitic at low temperatures (near zero) and can easily be transformed into shapes that can be easily introduced into the body. A reverse-phase change will occur when it returns to the original shape, and a large restoring force will play the role of orthopedic and support. In recent years, the application of NiTi shape memory alloys on vascular stents has attracted much attention. However, NiTi alloys may dissolve Ni ions under physiological conditions, thereby inducing toxicity and inflammatory reactions. To this end, researchers have carried out a large number of surface modification studies on the alloy. The main methods are surface inert coating, surface oxidation, surface activation, and surface grafting of macromolecules. Although their footholds are different, they can effectively inhibit the dissolution of Ni ions and improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of NiTi alloys. According to relevant data, the incidence of rheumatic heart disease in adults in China is 2.34% to 2.72%, and about 1.9 million adult rheumatic heart disease patients are estimated based on the total population. Approximately 250,000 patients need artificial heart valve replacement surgery due to severe valve disease. The actual artificial heart valve usage is only 25,000. The domestic demand is about 30%. The annual demand for pacemakers is about 400,000. 20,000 units, the domestic production rate is only 1%, while the domestic production rate of coronary stent products is higher, reaching about 50%.
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Titanium plate welding parameter selection

The choice of welding parameters will have a great impact on the structure of titanium welds and heat-affected zones. This is mainly due to the high melting point, large heat capacity, and poor thermal conductivity of titanium. If the welding parameters are selected large and the heat input is large, the high-temperature residence time will be longer and the high-temperature heat affected zone will be wider, which will make the weld and heat-affected zone grains Coarse, even the titanium plate and the base steel have mutual solubility.
The intermediate compound produced by the mutual dissolution is a brittle structure, which destroys and changes the original metal lattice, is a stress concentration point and a weak link in the weld increases the brittleness of the weld and reduces the plastic toughness and yield strength of the weld. The tensile strength makes the mechanical properties of the welded joints of titanium steel composite plate decrease sharply. Welds and heat-affected zones transform into needle-like structures during cooling, resulting in a decrease in the plasticity of welded joints. The heat input is too large. If the protective measures are not appropriate, the exposure of the weld and the heat-affected zone to the air will cause oxidation and discoloration, which will reduce or fail to meet the requirements for use; otherwise, the current is too small, the weld fusion cannot be guaranteed and the thermal effect The zone is hardened, which is not conducive to the escape of hydrogen, increases the tendency of cold cracking, and the construction progress is relatively slow. Therefore, the selection of welding currents must be reasonable and practical. The recommended construction site current is 110 ~ 150A, and the argon flow rate is 10 ~ 14L / min.
In the welding process of titanium filler strips, oxidative discoloration of welds and heat-affected zones and generation of cracks are common problems. The oxidative discoloration is mainly due to the excessively high surface temperature of titanium, which increases the activity of the titanium element and reacts with oxygen in the air during contact. Due to the different degrees of oxidation, the surface color is different. Different colors also mean whether the weldment can meet the requirements for use and whether it needs to be processed.
During the welding of titanium metal, attention must be paid to the protection of the weld seam and the heat-affected zone. The air chamber formed by the drag cover can be used for protection, or a large-nozzle argon arc welding torch can be used to expand the surrounding protective area.
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Rolling process and performance analysis of Gr5 titanium alloy material

Titanium alloy materials have the characteristics of high specific strength, high yield ratio, high resistance to deformation, and excellent process plasticity and superplasticity. Titanium rod products are widely used in various fields of the national economy. There are titanium alloy rods on aerospace aircraft Rivet connection made after cold heading. At present, there is a lack of analysis on the heat treatment and microstructure of small-diameter titanium alloy bars (≤ Φ10mm) in hot continuous rolling and rolled bars. In response to this problem, technicians performed high-temperature compression tests on Gr5 alloy on a Gleeble500 thermal simulator The flow stress curves of Gr5 titanium alloy at different temperatures and different strain rates provide the necessary process parameters for hot continuous rolling of titanium alloy bars, and the microstructure and properties of the rolled products are analyzed.
The study found:
1. From the viewpoint of reducing deformation resistance, improving the formability of the material, and ensuring the properties of the final rolled structure, the optimal rolling temperature of Gr5 titanium alloy bar is 950 ° C, which is slightly lower than the phase transition temperature of Gr5 titanium alloy; The best strain rate is 1s-1, so that the work hardening caused by strain and strain rate during deformation is small, and the plasticity of the material is fully utilized;
2. Φ12 and Φ6mm bars are obtained through hot continuous rolling of a three-roller Y-rolling mill. The structure of Φ12mm bars is the equiaxed primary α phase + α bars + β transformation structure, and the grain diameter is about 3-10 μm; The shaft primary α phase + fine stripe α phase + β transformation structure, the grain size does not exceed 1 μm. It can be seen that as the cumulative deformation increases, the grain size decreases significantly;
3. The structure and mechanical properties of Gr5 titanium alloy bars obtained by hot continuous rolling of three-roll Y-type rolling mill can meet the technical requirements. The rolling equipment, rolling process parameters and heat treatment system used in the test can produce titanium alloy bars that meet the requirements, thereby providing a technical basis for further industrial production.
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Titanium sheet metallurgy skills suitable for the automotive industry

Titanium plate has the characteristics of low density, high specific strength and corrosion resistance, which has great application potential in the automotive industry. The use of titanium and titanium alloys on cars can achieve the effects of saving fuel, reducing engine noise and vibration, and improving longevity. However, for a long time, automotive materials have been nationwide of materials such as steel and Al. In order to enter the automotive market, Ti materials must further reduce the cost to a level acceptable to the automotive industry in addition to its functional advantages. Automotive Ti-Ti metallurgical parts are a very promising area, but currently limited by cost and other factors, the use and implementation of development are slow. The use of leading titanium plate metallurgy skills to produce Ti titanium plate metallurgy parts can not only greatly reduce the cost, but also help the implementation of Ti and its alloys in the automotive industry, making it a major application after the aerospace industry category. The development of low-cost titanium and its alloy titanium plates can provide low-cost materials for automotive titanium-titanium plate metallurgical parts. From the existing skills, the most suitable for the automotive industry are the sponge Ti powder method, hydrodehydrogenation method, and metal hydride recovery method.
First, sponge Ti powder method
This is currently a method that can satisfy the demand of the titanium plate in the automobile industry in terms of cost. The traditional production of sponge Ti and the residual materials in the process is mainly used to break it; the obtained titanium plate is often thicker and richer in content. Cl element. The Huachang Company of the United States chose to introduce TiCl4 and Mg vapor into an 850 ° C tubular furnace one after another by the gas phase method, and quickly produce fine Ti powder and MgCl2. However, it is difficult to separate such fine powder from MgCl2, and the O content is high. The spray reverberation method sprays gas onto liquid Mg to make it reverberate to form particles. Tests show that for every 100 grams of Mg and 400 grams of TiCl4, about 100 grams of Ti powder with a particle size of tens of microns can be prepared, and the output power has been increased by 2 times. The cost is reduced by 50%, which is expected to be used as the material of titanium products of titanium plate metallurgy.
2. Hydrodehydrogenation
This method is because the produced titanium plate has a wide granularity plan and low cost, and the demand for materials is not strict. The technology is relatively easy to complete. After years of improvement and implementation, it has become the primary method for producing Ti powder at home and abroad. However, the titanium plate prepared by this method tends to have high contents of O and N. Northwest China Nonferrous Metals Research Institute selected hydrodehydrogenation technology to hydrodehydrogenate cast ingots to produce high-quality titanium plates with low O, N, and Cl, which has outstanding functions. Currently, it can produce O content of less than 0.20%. Titanium plates have been mass-produced, and it is expected to supply stable titanium plates for automotive titanium plate metallurgy parts. Japan's Toho Titanium Corporation uses improved technology to prepare Ti powder with a particle size of fewer than 150 microns and an O content of less than 0.15%; based on this discussion, Toho Titanium Corporation invested 1 billion yen to create a 30-ton hydrodehydrogenation process Ti powder production line.
3. Metal hydride recovery method
TiCl4 can be restored with hydrogen at 3500 ° C, and TiO2 can be restored with carbothermal at 1800 ° C or higher. In order to reduce the reaction temperature, scientists from the former Soviet Union proposed to use CaH2 to restore TiO2 and TiCl4, which can be carried out at a temperature of 1100 to 1200 ° C. The reaction produces TiH2, and then Ti is obtained by de-H. Because this method does not have a Cl element participating in the response, a titanium plate with extremely low Cl content can be obtained. I heard that its cost is only one-third of the traditional hydrodehydrogenation method, and it now has the planned production level. Although the Ti powder produced by this method has a high H content, it is reported that the presence of a small amount of H is conducive to sintering and improving the micro arrangement of the titanium plate, and can be completely removed during the subsequent vacuum sintering and annealing processes.
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