Traditional processing methods of titanium and titanium alloys

The traditional methods of titanium and titanium alloy processing mainly include ingot metallurgy (or plastic processing), casting and powder metallurgy. The process method of titanium and titanium alloy ingot metallurgy is to melt sponge titanium, intermediate alloy or pure metal into ingot, and then process it into Gr5 Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Foil material by cold and hot. Ingot processing methods include forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing, stamping and spinning, among which forging is the indispensable, most basic and most important method, followed by rolling, and a small part of titanium is extruded Spinning is a supplementary method for drawing materials, and the use is the least. These five titanium ingot processing methods have their own characteristics and are complementary. In the processing of ASTM B861 25*1.2mm Titanium Tube For Chemical and titanium alloy materials, if one method is not enough, it can be processed into finished or semi-finished titanium alloys of various shapes and specifications through several methods. The plastic processing of titanium alloy has the characteristics of large deformation resistance, low plasticity, high yield strength and tensile strength ratio, large springback, sensitivity to notches, easy adhesion to the mold during deformation, and easy oxidation when heated at high temperatures. The plastic processing ratio of titanium alloy Steel, copper and aluminum are difficult.

Several current surface treatment methods for titanium building materials in the world

According to the data, there are roughly six treatment methods for the surface of titanium materials. Now we will introduce and analyze them one by one:

1. Sandblasting method

The surface of the titanium material is sandblasted with a certain particle size shot blasting to make the surface of the titanium material rough. The surface reflectivity is reduced, and the disadvantage is that it is easy to deform the plate when processing the thin plate.

2. Pickling method

The surface is treated in the acid solution of HF + HNO3 to make the surface of the plate present the original color of Grade 16 Ti-0.5Pd Titanium Tube. The disadvantage is that the color is single, and the surface color consistency is easily damaged during use, which is relatively unsuitable for the decoration industry.

3. Rolling embossing method

After the surface of the roll is pretreated, the titanium plate is smoothed, so that the surface of the titanium plate produces regular unevenness. The key to this method is the surface treatment of the rolls. The existing domestic treatment methods are sandblasting, electric spark treatment, and laser treatment.

4. Anodizing method

The color tone control of this method uses an anodizing device to give a rated voltage, and as the voltage rises, the color changes. This method can be divided into direct current electrolytic anodizing method, alternating current electrolytic anodizing method, laser irradiation multicolor treatment in solution, thick film anodizing method and chemical oxidation method.

When the DC electrolysis setting voltage is a certain multiple of the AC electrolysis setting voltage, the same color can be obtained. According to the increase in voltage, the color changes as follows: gold, red purple, cyan, yellow, purple, cyan, cyan, green, yellow-green.

To carry out the colorful coloring treatment of the titanium material, the covering method and the anodizing treatment can be combined, but the process is complicated. The method of laser irradiation in the solution can be used to carry out the colorful treatment of Gr7 Ti-0.2Pd Titanium Plate. The method is to irradiate the titanium surface with laser in the solution. As the anodic oxidation and laser irradiation are carried out at the same time, the part irradiated by the laser is etched and the oxide film becomes thinner. During the secondary anodization of the laser-irradiated part, the resistance of the etched part is reduced and the current is large. The thickness of the oxide film formed during the formation of the oxide film is different from that of the part that is not irradiated by the laser, and the color is different. Repeat this many times to obtain Multi-colored titanium surface.

5. Rolling embossing method + pickling

It adopts the advantages of rolling method and pickling method, so that the titanium surface with regular unevenness reveals the metal color that titanium metal should have, and it can give people a noble and solemn feeling in application.

6. Sandblasting + coloring method

This method reduces the reflectivity of the surface of the board, and at the same time obtains the required surface color, which is also popular in the decoration industry.

What are the advantages of induction melting technology for titanium alloy forgings?

At present, the smelting method widely used in China's industry is the vacuum consumable electrode arc smelting method. Although it can effectively ensure that the alloy liquid has a certain degree of superheat and a more accurate alloy melt composition, this method has extremely high requirements for the quality of the raw electrode, and the surface area of ​​the molten pool is large and the depth is small, resulting in high vapor pressure elements (such as A1 The volatilization loss of the element) is very large, which is unfavorable for controlling the alloy composition.

The water-cooled copper crucible induction smelting method is to place a copper crucible that is split and cooled by water under an induction electromagnetic field for smelting, which can maximize the advantages of the induction smelting method. Between the water-cooled copper crucible and the metal melt, there is a solid shell layer produced by the solidification of the titanium flange melt, the so-called condensed shell. At this time, the crucible lining is equivalent to being made of molten metal, that is, the inner surface of the crucible has the same composition as the molten metal, which prevents the crucible from contaminating the molten metal. With the increase in the number of cold crucible combinations and the input power of the power supply, the strong magnetic field promotes the rapid melting of the charge and produces a strong stirring effect, so that the temperature and composition of the metal melt are uniform, and a consistent degree of superheat can be obtained. Due to the complex composition of the new titanium bar and TiAl compound alloy, the allowable deviation of the alloy element content is small, it is difficult to meet the requirements of the alloy composition by the common arc melting method of titanium alloy rod. Water-cooled crucible induction condensed shell melting is particularly suitable for this work. The molten alloy composition is uniform, and the superheat of the alloy liquid with the interstitial element content is appropriate, which meets the requirements of static and centrifugal casting.

Machining Process and Special Tool Design of Titanium Alloy Inner Cavity Cylindrical Surface

At present, the requirements of aerospace products for processing accuracy are continuously increasing, and the number of overall structural parts in the aerospace field is continuously increasing. High-precision thin-walled cavity parts are more and more widely used in the aerospace product industry. The machining accuracy control of the Grade 2 Titanium Tube electrode, especially the machining accuracy control of the servo system, is directly related to the requirements of many performance indicators of the weapon system. Titanium alloy blanks are generally used for such parts, and the material removal rate can reach 85%. At the same time, a significant production feature of this kind of parts is the variety, small batches, and even single-piece production. This structural feature and production method have determined that its manufacturing technology has always been in an unstable state, and processing and manufacturing have always been faced with difficulties such as long processing cycles, high processing costs, and difficult control of processing accuracy.

The material of the spherical ring frame is titanium alloy tc4, which is a single piece and small batch production. These parts are precision machined parts. The external dimension of the part is sφ108mm, and the wall thickness is 4mm. It is a thin-walled and difficult-to-machine material part, and has high requirements for shape and dimensional accuracy. Due to the integral cutting and forming, it is easy to deform during the processing, the material cutting performance is poor, and the part structure is also poor, which brings great difficulties to the processing. Therefore, choosing a reasonable processing method and the correct tool is the key to ensuring processing quality.

The spherical ring frame material is titanium alloy tc4, which is characterized by: poor thermal conductivity of titanium alloy is a metal material with poor thermal conductivity. During cutting, the contact area between chips and the rake face is small, which is particularly easy to cause thermal deformation of thin-walled parts. Tungsten Sputtering Target alloy has low elastic modulus and large elastic deformation. The modulus of elasticity of titanium alloy is 1078mpa (about 1/2 of steel). When cutting, the workpiece near the flank face has a large springback, resulting in a large contact area between the machined face and the flank face. As a result, the geometric dimensions and accuracy of the workpiece are poor, the surface roughness increases, and tool wear increases. Titanium alloy has a higher affinity and higher cutting temperature. During cutting, the titanium chips and the surface to be cut are occluded with the tool material, resulting in serious tool jamming, which is easy to cause tool jamming and wear. Titanium alloy has strong high temperature chemical activity. When the temperature exceeds 600, there is an interstitial solid solution containing oxygen and nitrogen. After the gas is absorbed, the surface hardness of the titanium alloy is obviously improved, which has a strong wear effect on the knife. Therefore, titanium alloy processing tools are required to have high strength, high toughness and high red hardness.

Development Trend of TC4 Titanium Alloy Heat Treatment Process

In view of the above-mentioned status quo of TC4 titanium alloy in today's heat treatment process, in its future development trend, the following points are summarized:

First, the two-state structure and Widmanstatten structure in TC4 titanium alloy have both advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, in future research, the defects of the two should be compensated for, so that the mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy can be obtained. Effective enhancement.

Second, because air cooling can improve the comprehensiveness of the mechanical properties, in the solution treatment process, when the cooling rate is studied, the air cooling should be studied emphatically. After the TC4 titanium alloy is air-cooled , Its own strength and hardness are effectively improved, so as to effectively enhance the mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy.

Third, the size of the α of the secondary phase depends on the effective temperature. Therefore, relevant scientific researchers should be aware of how to control the size of the α of the secondary phase in the actual effect process. Control the comprehensive mechanical properties of the TC4 titanium alloy to achieve the purpose of effectively enhancing the mechanical properties of the TC4 titanium alloy.

Fourth, because the aging time and aging temperature of TC4 titanium alloy have similar changes in mechanical properties, relevant scientific researchers should conduct in-depth research on the aging time of titanium welded tubing.

Fifth, since the equipment of cryogenic treatment process is relatively expensive, the specific mechanism is not yet understood, and it has not been widely used at this stage. Therefore, the future research on cryogenic treatment equipment mainly focuses on how to get the cost. Effective reduction, only when the cost of the layer is reduced, can it be applied to various fields, which will help promote the development of Pickling Titanium Wire in the cryogenic treatment process.

What are the polishing methods for titanium rods and titanium alloys?

What are the polishing methods for titanium rods and titanium alloys? (1) Fine grinding. That is, the surface of titanium rods and titanium-containing alloy castings is lapped using conventional various types of emery rubber wheels. The problem that needs to be paid attention to during grinding is still not to cause the casting to generate heat, not to cause grinding damage on the surface of the casting, and to make the entire surface smooth.

(2) Barrel grinding method. The so-called barrel grinding method is to put the processed castings, abrasives, water and additives into the barrel-type grinding tank. The grinding barrel generates rotation and vibration, causing friction between the mixture of abrasives and the processed castings, and grinds the surface of the castings smoothly. ,smooth.

It is characterized by no dust pollution, low labor intensity, and no heat generation in the conventional grinding process. At present, Japan has commercialized barrel grinders and abrasive materials used for grinding Gr23 Ti-6Al-4V ELI Titanium Sheet and titanium-containing alloy castings, other metal castings and plastics.

(3) Mechanical polishing method. Use different specifications of soft cloth wheels or black brushes, dipped in titanium and titanium-containing alloy special polishing paste to polish the surface of titanium and Grade 36 Titanium Wire. When polishing titanium castings, it is necessary to completely clear the contamination layer on the surface of the casting and no new grinding and hardening layer occurs, which will not achieve the desired polishing effect.

High-speed and light-pressure methods are still used for polishing. The author has also tried using green polishing paste to polish titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings, and achieved a relatively ideal polishing effect. The polished titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings cannot be washed immediately. The surface oxide film must be completely formed before washing, otherwise the surface will darken.

Titanium alloy industry chain

The industrial chain of the titanium industry can be simply divided into two, one is the industrial chain of non-ferrous metals: titanium ore→sponge titanium→titanium ingot→titanium material; the other is the industrial chain of chemical industry: titanium ore→titanium dioxide. These two industrial chains are closely related to each other in the upstream, but are independent of each other in the midstream and downstream.

The titanium non-ferrous metal industry chain can be divided into three major parts from top to bottom:

1) The upstream includes titanium ore resources such as ilmenite and rutile, as well as artificial rutile, titanium slag and Grade 1 Titanium Tube tetrachloride processed from ilmenite;

2) The middle stream is mainly divided into two parts: one is the reduction of titanium tetrachloride to generate sponge titanium; the other is the melting and casting of sponge titanium into titanium ingots, and then the preparation of titanium round rod processing materials including forgings, bars, plates, pipes, wires, wires, etc. ；

3) The downstream is mainly to further process titanium blanks according to the requirements of specific applications such as aerospace, petrochemical, nuclear power, ships, desalination, automobiles, sports medicine and other fields;

Titanium alloy grinding and polishing technology

(1) Fine grinding

That is, the surface of titanium and titanium alloy castings is polished by using conventional various types of emery rubber wheels. The problem that needs to be paid attention to during grinding is still not to cause the casting to generate heat, not to cause grinding damage on the surface of the casting, and to make the entire surface smooth.

(2) Barrel grinding method

The so-called barrel grinding method is to put the processed castings, abrasives, water and additives into the barrel-type grinding tank. The grinding barrel rotates and vibrates, causing friction between the mixture of abrasives and the processed castings to grind the surface of the castings. Smooth and flat. It is characterized by no dust pollution, low labor intensity, and no heat generation in the conventional grinding process. At present, Japan has commercialized barrel grinders and abrasive materials used for grinding Titanium Planar Target alloy castings, other metal castings and plastics. Tests have confirmed that the pk series abrasives have the highest grinding efficiency, but the surface roughness is also the highest. Although the grinding efficiency of SA and B series abrasives is not as good as PK, the surface smoothness of the titanium castings after grinding is the highest. At present, the Fourth Military Medical University has successfully developed the first dental barrel grinder in China.

(3) Mechanical polishing method

Use different specifications of soft cloth or black brush, dipped in ASTM F67 Gr2 Titanium Sheet and titanium-containing alloy special polishing paste to polish the surface of titanium and titanium-containing alloy. When polishing titanium castings, it is necessary to completely clear the contamination layer on the surface of the casting and no new grinding and hardening layer has occurred, which will not achieve the desired polishing effect. High speed and light pressure should be used when polishing. The author has also tried to use green polishing paste to polish titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings, and achieved a relatively ideal polishing effect. The polished Grade 23 Titanium Plate and titanium-containing titanium alloy castings cannot be washed immediately. The surface oxide film must be completely formed before washing, otherwise the surface will become dark.

What are the applications of titanium tubes?

Titanium tubes are commonly used in various applications because most stainless steels and other materials in different situations are inefficient. Titanium tubes are one of the most common titanium rolling mill products, and are used in countless products due to their corrosion resistance and strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium and its alloys are constantly evolving to effectively meet the challenges of various industries, from which new characteristics of titanium are required to achieve productivity and to be able to meet federal regulations. Some common uses of titanium tubes are as follows:

Aerospace

Titanium is used for airframe and aerospace engine parts. Titanium pipes can handle high temperatures even without creep. Because the tube has excellent resistance to fatigue and crack growth, it is recognized for its high strength-to-density ratio.

Applications in the power industry

Power generation-Titanium Coil Tube play an important role in high temperature water and steam environments. Grade 2 titanium has been used in different power plants to deal with problems related to boiler friction and condenser failure.

Application in the chemical industry

Chemical processing-highly corrosive environments, such as those commonly found in demand piping systems, chemical processing industries, heat exchangers, and other systems capable of handling heavy loads. With titanium's excellent corrosion resistance, it is likely to effectively withstand high stresses in extreme environments for a long time.

Oil and gas industry

Oil and gas-high temperature, high pressure or high pressure, high temperature applications, such as oil and gas well applications, require pipelines that can be used continuously. The oil and gas industry generally requires high corrosion resistance of titanium, especially in areas such as the upper part, the seabed and downhole.

Titanium tubes are considered to be one of the 9 most abundant elements in the earth's crust, and the 7 most abundant metals. Alloyed titanium tubes and a mixture of vanadium and aluminum can increase the strength of Grade 7 Titanium Plate  while maintaining its weight better than that of steel.

6al4v titanium plate can work easily. With its rigidity, strength, toughness, very ideal high-performance metal pipe metal and high melting point, it is likely to encourage the industry to use titanium pipes and titanium alloy pipes. It can be used in aircraft hydraulic systems, medical implants, hydraulic systems, subsea equipment, offshore drilling platform components, and chemical and marine processing plants.

Titanium and titanium alloy seamless pipes are widely used in these industries

Titanium and titanium alloy seamless tubes have the characteristics of low relative density, high specific strength, large yield ratio, good plastic deformation and ductility, low heat transfer coefficient, and high tensile strength of titanium. Titanium is so stable that it is difficult to develop designs, smelters and even apply it, so it is not common for everyone to think that way. In fact, the reserves of titanium account for 0.6% of the area, ranking ninth, and the reserves are very large. The low activity of titanium lies in the condition. Titanium is very stable in the indoor temperature and air, and it is not easy to reflect. As everyone knows, it has strong organic chemical activity at high temperature, and it is very easy to react with a variety of vapors. Titanium is a metal material, its heat transfer coefficient is very fast, but much slower than some general metal materials. According to the current data, the heat transfer coefficient of titanium is close to that of stainless steel, about one-fourth that of aluminum and one-fifth of that of iron. It has great potential for development in the automotive industry.

The application of titanium and AMS 4900 CP Titanium Plate alloy seamless pipes in the shipbuilding industry is mainly to use its high-quality corrosion resistance, low density, memory capacity, non-magnetic and other characteristics. Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in strategic nuclear submarines, free submersibles, nuclear icebreakers, hydrofoils, hovercraft, demining vessels, propellers, whip antennas, sea pipelines, coolers, heat exchangers, acoustic material equipment, security equipment, etc. , The scope of application of titanium alloys includes: industrial production of pure titanium, titanium-zirconium alloy, titanium alloy, and titanium alloy.

(1) All titanium boats. F1 has very good social experience in the production of titanium boats. In the 1990s, all-titanium wooden boats or motorboats were manufactured by  New Shipyard and Jiangteng Shipyard. All-titanium ships have the advantages of lighter weight, faster speed, small diesel engines, low fuel costs, less carbon dioxide emissions, no surface coating, and easy cleaning of accessories. The disadvantages are the increase in raw material costs and the large difficulty of production and processing. , Strict safety protection regulations. Experimental results show that the ship’s speed reliability, vibration and noise are all very good.

(2) The molecular driving force ship. Titanium alloys are used to replace stainless steel plates in the production of steam generators, heat exchangers and ship cooling towers, which are free from erosion damage. titanium bicycle tubing steam engines are widely used in power stations of Russian nuclear icebreakers. The selection of titanium alloy can increase the service life of diesel engines by more than 10 times.

(3) Propeller. The raw materials of the propeller are specified to have high compressive strength, excellent fatigue characteristics, abrasion resistance and cavitation corrosion resistance in the sea surface material. Titanium alloys can be specified in consideration of the comprehensive type. For the first time, the U.S. Navy used a 1500mm diameter, four-leaf demountable titanium alloy propeller on a hydrofoil. The hydrofoil motorboat propeller was developed in China in 1972. At this stage, various specifications and models of titanium alloy propellers have been produced, with a diameter of 450-1700mm. It can produce titanium alloy fixed propellers with a diameter of 1200mm and a quality of 135kg. Long-term application instructions, the life of titanium alloy propellers is more than 5 times that of alloy copper propellers.

(4) Marine pumps, gate valves and pipelines. Pumps, gate valves and pipes made of copper and stainless steel plates have a service life of only 2-5 years because of extreme working standards. The dismantled titanium alloy has good actual effect and is suitable for moving sea surface pipelines with large flow. The Russian ship pipeline service life standard has three service life regulations, that is, the initial connection guarantee period is 8-9 years; the service life is not less than 15 years; the full service life of various vessels should be reliably operated within 25-30 years .

The main application fields of titanium alloy forgings

How to distinguish between 303 stainless steel rod and titanium rod:

In fact, to distinguish between stainless steel and titanium welding wire, there are some other simple ways to distinguish:

1. Seen from the color. Titanium looks very dark, steel looks very white.

2. Immerse it in nitric acid and you will find that titanium will not react. Once the stainless steel is put down, the stainless steel will react strongly.

3. Titanium has a density of 4.51 and is lighter in weight, while stainless steel is heavier. After careful measurement, it is easy to distinguish it. This should be the biggest difference.

4. titanium exhaust flange can draw gray and black marks on the tiles, but stainless steel can't make marks.

Application fields of titanium rod filter element: chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry

TC4 titanium alloy has excellent comprehensive properties, and the output accounts for more than 50% of the entire titanium alloy products, and more than 80% of the total amount of titanium alloy products is used in the aerospace industry. It is mainly used as load-bearing components of aircraft, which accounts for approximately the amount of titanium alloy used for load-bearing components. 70% to 80% of the total. At present, some countries in the world have mature technologies for preparing large-scale titanium alloy materials and have formulated corresponding specifications. For example, the thickness of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) titanium alloy sheets in the American Standard AMS 4911L can reach 100mm. However, due to the limitations of the preparation process and the level of use, the preparation of high-performance large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates (thickness greater than 40mm and width greater than 2000mm) in China still faces many challenges.

As the thickness and width of the TC4 titanium alloy sheet increase, the difficulty of controlling the uniformity of the structure and maintaining its strong plastic matching will also increase. The use of suitable hot working methods is effective for preparing large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates. way. The researchers used the thermal processing map obtained by the thermal simulation test as a reference to explore the deformation amount, rolling temperature and other process parameters, and successfully prepared a large-size TC4 with good plate shape and uniform structure on a 2800mm four-high hot rolling mill. titanium rectangular rod alloy thick plate.

The TC4 titanium alloy ingot used in the experiment was smelted by vacuum consumable arc three times, with a mass of 5t. After peeling the ingots, samples were taken at the upper, middle, and lower parts of the ingot and analyzed for composition. From the analysis results, it can be seen that the main elements Al, V and the impurity elements Fe and O are evenly distributed on the upper, middle, and lower parts of the ingot without segregation. Fully meet the requirements of preparing large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates.

The riser and the bottom of the ingot are removed after ultrasonic testing, and then forged into a slab by multi-directional forging on a large-tonnage fast forging machine. A sample was taken from the cross section of the slab head to observe the microstructure in the middle of the thickness direction. Simultaneously cut a Φ10mm compression sample on the cross section of the slab head, and conduct a thermal simulation test on the Gleeble1500 thermal simulation test machine. Among them, the deformation temperature is set to 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050°C, and the strain rate is set to 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 20s-1.

Next, the slab is heated, reversing hot rolling, ordinary annealing, and surface treatment to obtain a 40-70mm thick TC4 Titanium Capillary Pipe alloy sheet. Use the MTS testing machine to test the room temperature tensile properties of the plate; use the Olympus microscope to observe the metallographic structure.

the result shows:

(1) The hot rolling process developed by the thermal simulation test results successfully produced large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates with excellent comprehensive properties. The key process parameters of TC4 thick plate rolling and its suitable control range are heating temperature 900～980℃, strain rate 5～12s-1, and the maximum deformation rate of the last fire pass is not less than 15%～20%.

(2) The microstructure of the prepared TC4 titanium alloy thick plate is a two-state structure, composed of equiaxed primary α phase, elongated secondary α phase and intercrystalline β phase with an average grain size of 25μm. The tensile strength is 925～960MPa, the yield strength is 870～910MPa, and the elongation is 12.0%～14.5%.

Burr treatment method for titanium rods, titanium plates, and titanium processed parts

Titanium alloy drill pipes have excellent physical and mechanical properties, which are mainly manifested in the characteristics of high strength, low density, good inherent winding properties, and so on. Because titanium alloy drill pipes have high vibration resistance, they do not need a while drilling jar. Titanium alloy drill pipe has strong anti-corrosion resistance and adaptability to the downhole environment and can work in high-temperature hydrogen sulfide acidic and high-corrosive environments.

Gr23 Ti-6Al-4V ELI Titanium Pipe  alloy drill collars and titanium alloy drill pipes have the following characteristics:

1. Non-magnetic, titanium, and titanium square bar alloy have non-magnetic characteristics. Under the condition of 20 Oersted, its magnetic permeability is 1.00005~1.0001H/m, and it will not be magnetized even in a very strong magnetic field;

2. Lighter specific gravity, titanium, and alloy are 43% lighter than steel;

3. The modulus of elasticity is small. The modulus of elasticity of titanium alloy is 57% of that of steel.

Application of titanium rods and titanium alloy materials in the human body

Titanium is a metal with relatively active chemical properties. It can interact with non-metals such as O2, N2, H2, S and halogen when heated. However, at normal temperature, a very thin and dense oxide protective film is easy to form on the surface of titanium, which can resist the action of strong acid and even aqua regia, showing strong corrosion resistance. Therefore, general metals become riddled in acid, alkali, and salt solutions, but titanium is safe. Liquid titanium can dissolve almost all metals, so it can form alloys with a variety of metals. Titanium steel made by adding titanium to steel is tough and elastic. Titanium and metal Al, Sb, Be, Cr, Fe, etc. form interstitial compounds or intermetallic compounds.

     Aircraft made of titanium alloy can carry more than 100 passengers more than aircraft made of other metals with the same weight. The finished submarine can resist both seawater corrosion and deep pressure, and its diving depth is 80% higher than that of a stainless steel submarine. At the same time, titanium is non-magnetic and will not be found by mines, and has a good anti-monitoring effect.

     Titanium is "biophilic". In the human body, it can resist the corrosion of secretions and is non-toxic, and it is suitable for any sterilization method. Therefore, it is widely used in the manufacture of medical equipment, artificial hip joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, flank joints, cranium, active heart valves, and bone fixation clips. When new muscle fiber rings wrap around these "titanium bones", these titanium bones begin to maintain the normal activities of the human body. Titanium is widely distributed in the human body, and the content in a normal human body is no more than 15 mg per 70 kg of body weight. Its role is not clear. However, titanium can stimulate phagocytes and enhance immunity. This effect has been confirmed.

     Titanium compounds and uses: Important titanium compounds are: titanium dioxide (TiO2), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), and barium metatitanate (BaTiO3). Pure titanium dioxide is a white powder, an excellent white pigment, and the trade name is "titanium dioxide". It has both the covering properties of lead white (PbCO3) and the lasting properties of zinc white (ZnO). Therefore, people often add titanium dioxide to paint to make high-grade white paint; in the paper industry as a filler added to the paper pulp; in the textile industry as a matting agent for man-made fibers; in the glass, ceramics, and enamel industries Additives to improve its performance; used as a catalyst in many chemical reactions. With the increasing development of the chemical industry today, titanium dioxide and titanium compounds, as fine chemical products, have high added value and have very attractive prospects. Titanium tetrachloride is a colorless liquid; it has a melting point of 250K, a boiling point of 409K, and an irritating odor. It is easily hydrolyzed in water or humid air and emits a lot of white smoke. TiCl4+3H2O == H2TiO3+4HCl Therefore TiCl4 is used as an artificial aerosol in the military, but it is used in maritime warfare. In agriculture, people use the dense fog on the ground formed by TiCl4 to reduce the heat loss from the ground at night and protect vegetables and crops from severe cold and frost. The TiO2 and BaCO3 are melted together to prepare barium metatitanate: TiO2＋BaCO3 == BaTiO3 + CO2- The artificially prepared BaTiO3 has a high dielectric constant, and the capacitor made from it has a larger capacity, and more importantly, BaTiO3 has Significant "piezoelectric properties", the crystal will generate current when pressed, and will change its shape when it is energized. People put it in the ultrasonic wave, and it generates electric current when it is pressed. The strength of the ultrasonic wave can be measured by measuring the strength of the electric current. It is used in almost all ultrasonic instruments. With the development and utilization of titanate, it is more and more widely used to manufacture non-linear components, dielectric amplifiers, computer memory components, miniature capacitors, electroplating materials, aviation materials, strong magnetism, semiconductor materials, optical instruments, reagents, etc. . The excellent properties of titanium, titanium alloys and titanium compounds prompt humans to urgently need them. However, the high production cost limits the application. We believe that in the near future, with the continuous improvement and improvement of titanium smelting technology, the application of titanium, titanium alloys and titanium compounds will be further developed.

Gr3 Pure Titanium Sheet      Gr2 Polished Titanium Wire      ASTM B861 25*1.2mm Titanium Tube For Chemical      

Common surface treatment methods for titanium alloy forgings

As an important metal welding process plays an important role in industrial production and national defense construction. With the development and changes in the industrial structure of science and technology, advanced welding structure is an effective way to reduce material consumption and reduce the structural quality, a variety of welding technology has broad application prospects. With the development of titanium industry, welding technology has drawn increasing attention.

Titanium has a high specific strength, corrosion resistance and other marine medium, low temperature, high temperature and having high fatigue strength, low coefficient of expansion, good workability, etc., with its structures built in any natural environment can fully play its role. In ship applications, in addition to using its seawater corrosion resistance and high strength characteristics than the outer, as well as non-magnetic, transparent sound, vibration impact, etc., titanium and titanium alloy used in the ship greatly extend the life of the equipment reduce the weight, to enhance the performance of the equipment and technical and tactical whole ship, so titanium is an excellent structural material ship.

As an important metal welding process plays an important role in industrial production and national defense construction with the development of the industrial structure and science and technology, advanced welding structure is an effective way to reduce material consumption and reduce the structural quality of each kinds of welding technology has broad application prospects. With the development of the titanium industry, welding technology has attracted attention higher melting titanium, poor thermal conductivity, and therefore easy because of the improper selection of parameters to form a larger weld pool during welding, and high bath temperature this makes the weld metal and heat affected zone stay long in time high temperature, grain products tends to grow significantly, the joint decreases ductility and toughness, resulting in cracks. So welding processes titanium and titanium alloy is a need to constantly improve problem solving
ASTM F136 6Al-4V ELI Titanium Bar      Titanium Grade 2 Round Bar      titanium foil      Grade 7 Titanium Rod      

Environmental requirements for storage of titanium rods

Principle of thermal spraying:

The particle stream atomized by the heat source and in the molten state hits the purified and rough substrate surface at a high speed to form the required coating. The particles will be deformed when they hit the surface of the substrate, relying on the so-called "embedding" effect to form a coating with a layered structure. With a large number of "overlapped continuous deposition" of plastic particles, the combination of particles should be mostly mechanical, and there must be a certain number of holes. At the same time, if spraying is carried out in the air, there may be oxide inclusions in the coating.
6al4v titanium round bar      medical titanium bar      titanium square bar      Grade 1 Titanium Bar      

Technical requirements for the production of titanium alloy sheet

Titanium rods and titanium alloys have high chemical activity. Titanium rods and titanium alloys easily react violently with oxygen, nitrogen and other oxygen-containing gases at high temperatures. When heated in the air, the surface of the blank forms an oxide scale and a surface gettering layer. Titanium rods and titanium alloys are easy to absorb hydrogen when heated, which causes difficulties in the processing of certain types of titanium alloy materials.

Titanium rods and titanium alloys have poor thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of titanium rods and titanium alloys is usually only 1/15 of that of alloys and 1/5 of that of steel. The lower thermal conductivity results in a large temperature difference between the ingot and billet section in the hot B inch, which produces a large thermal response, and cracks will form in severe cases. Therefore, the heating speed must be limited, and the temperature change, deformation speed, Deformation rate, deformation equipment.

Polycrystalline transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloys. Titanium has a-β phase transition. Heating to p temperature can significantly increase plasticity and reduce deformation resistance, but the deformation of β zone is not good enough to obtain a structure with good performance.

The cold deformation ability of titanium alloy is low. Cold working deformation of most titanium alloys is difficult. A little preheating (to 200~300T) can significantly reduce deformation resistance and improve plasticity.

Titanium is easy to bond and deform tools. This tendency tends to deteriorate the surface quality of the processed material, and puts forward more stringent requirements on the deformed tools and molds and process lubrication.

High yield ratio and low elastic modulus. Straightening in a cold state is very difficult.

The above processing characteristics should be fully considered when formulating the production process.
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High temperature oxidation of titanium

1.1 Oxidation of pure titanium

When the temperature is below 500℃, the performance of pure titanium is relatively stable. However, as the temperature continues to increase, oxygen continues to penetrate into the titanium lattice and react with the titanium matrix, forming a large amount of rutile structure on the surface of the titanium material. TiO2 oxide. The rutile TiO2 structure is loose and easy to crack and fall off, causing the titanium material to re-expose the fresh surface, that is, the high temperature oxidation behavior of the pure titanium material can be regarded as the repeated layered peeling of the surface oxide film.

1.2 The influence of alloying elements on the oxidation performance of titanium alloys

The addition of Al, Cr, Si and other alloying elements will not only change the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy, but also affect its resistance to high temperature oxidation. Among them, when the content of Al element in the titanium reaches a certain concentration, the oxyphilic Al element will preferentially react with oxygen, forming a continuous, dense and stable Al2O3 oxide film on the surface of the titanium base, which in turn has a better effect on the base material. Good resistance to high temperature oxidation. On the one hand, the existence of Cr element can promote the formation of Al2O3 oxide film. On the other hand, the miscible zone containing Cr phase can form a certain diffusion layer. When the titanium base is covered with Al protective coating, the diffusion layer can effectively inhibit Ti, Al The inter-diffusion of the elements prolongs the service life of the coating.
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Medical titanium rods, performance advantages and main applications of medical titanium materials

Titanium and titanium alloys are first widely used in aviation, aerospace, and other industries due to their low density (4.51g/cm3), high strength (some up to 1000MPa), high specific strength, and excellent high and low-temperature performance.的structural materials. In addition, titanium and titanium alloys have excellent corrosion resistance and other comprehensive properties in many chemical media and are widely accepted by civilian industries such as petroleum, chemical, medicine, sports, etc., gradually replacing various metal materials, in a short time Leaped to the third place in the use of metal materials.

Titanium was discovered in 1789. In 1908, Norway and the United States began to produce titanium dioxide by the sulfuric acid method. In 1910, the sodium method was used to prepare sponge titanium for the first time in a laboratory. In 1948, the United States DuPont (DUPONT) used the magnesium method to produce tons. The production of titanium sponges marked the beginning of the industrial production of titanium sponges.

It can be seen that the production process of titanium involves the highly toxic chemical medium chlorine gas (a chemical weapon in World War II) and the precious metal magnesium, and the reaction process requires a lot of energy, which is the reason why titanium is expensive. The titanium material smelted in this process cannot be used for production because it is still porous and loose, shaped like a sponge, called sponge titanium. Sponge titanium will be placed in a vacuum consumable electric arc furnace to smelt titanium ingots for use in titanium. Production of plates, rods, tubes, and other forms of titanium.

my country is rich in titanium resources, and the minerals are relatively concentrated. When converted into TiO2, the total reserves amount to more than 9 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Titanium ore is mainly distributed in provinces such as Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, among which the reserves of the Panzhihua area account for 35% of the world's total reserves. However, compared with the world's major titanium deposits, my country's natural rutile (TiO2) resources are few, and there are few placers that can be easily exploited. Titanium ore is mostly titanium-vanadium-iron symbiotic rock ore, and the initial cost of beneficiation and smelting is high.

China's titanium industry started in the 1950s. In 1954, the Beijing Nonferrous Metals Research Institute began to conduct research on the preparation of sponge titanium. In 1956, the country included titanium as a strategic metal in its 12-year development plan, and it was implemented in the Fushun Aluminum Plant in 1958. It established the first titanium sponge production workshop in China and established the first titanium processing material production trial workshop in the Shenyang non-ferrous metal processing plant.

Around 1980, the production of titanium sponges in my country reached 2,800 tons. However, due to the lack of understanding of titanium metal by most people at that time, the high price of titanium materials also restricted the application of titanium. The output of titanium processed materials was only about 200 tons. In trouble.

In 2002, my country imported 2,147 tons of titanium sponge, exported 11 tons, and imported 2136 tons; from January to November 2003, my country imported 2609.9 tons of titanium sponge, exported 72.7 tons, and imported 2534.2 tons.

In 2002, my country produced 3328 tons of titanium sponges, and the actual sales were 3,079 tons; in 2003, my country produced 4,112 tons of titanium sponges and sold 4,128 tons. However, due to the large-scale development of the international chemical industry and aerospace industry, the international titanium materials have been in short supply, which has led to a situation in which my country's titanium materials have risen wildly since 2002.

The production capacity of titanium processing materials is determined by the production capacity of titanium ingots, that is, the country has the overall tonnage of vacuum consumable electric arc furnaces. my country basically has a production capacity of 20,000t/a of titanium ingots. With 70% converted into titanium, it basically has a production capacity of 14,000t/a.

According to preliminary statistics, my country actually produced about 6,000 tons of titanium in 2003, accounting for about 10% of the world's total output. It can be seen that China's titanium processing industry is not very developed, and it takes time and investment.
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Application of titanium alloy materials in the field of shipbuilding and its welding process requirements

The tensile strength of pure titanium is 265-353MPa, the general titanium alloy is 686-1176MPa, and the current maximum is 1764MPa. Titanium alloys have the same strength as many plates of steel but are much better than strength titanium alloys. The specific strength here refers to the strength of the material divided by its apparent density, which is also called the strength-to-weight ratio. The international unit of specific strength is (N/m2)/(kg/m3) or N·m/kg. The ratio of the tensile strength of the material to the apparent density of the material is called the specific strength. The ratio of the strength (stretch) to the density of the material at the breaking point.

The compressive strength of titanium and titanium alloys is not lower than its tensile strength. The compressive yield strength and tensile yield strength of industrial pure titanium are roughly equal, while the compressive strength of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloys is slightly higher than the tensile strength. The shear strength is generally 60%-70% of the tensile strength. The bearing yield strength of titanium and titanium alloy sheets is 1.2-2.0 times the tensile strength.

Under a normal atmosphere, the durable strength of processed and annealed titanium and titanium alloys is (0.5-0.65) times the tensile strength. When performing 107 fatigue tests in the notched state (Kt=3.9), the endurance strength of annealed Ti-6Al-4V is 0.2 times the tensile strength.

The hardness of the highest purity grade of processed industrial pure titanium is usually less than 120HB, and the hardness of processed titanium of other purity is 200-295HB. The hardness of pure titanium castings is 200-220HB. The hardness value of titanium alloy in the annealed state is 32-38HRC, which is equivalent to 298-349HB. The hardness of as-cast Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-6Al-4V alloys is 320HB, and the hardness of Ti-6Al-4V castings with low gap impurities is 310HB.

The tensile elastic modulus of industrial pure titanium is 105-109GPa, and the tensile elastic modulus of most titanium alloys is 110-120GPa in the returned state. The age-hardened titanium alloy has a slightly higher tensile elastic modulus than in the annealed state, and the compressive elastic modulus is equal to or greater than the tensile elastic modulus. Although the stiffness of titanium and titanium alloys is much higher than that of aluminum and aluminum alloys, they are only 55% of iron. The specific elastic modulus of titanium alloy is comparable to that of aluminum alloy, second only to beryllium, molybdenum, and some high-temperature alloys.

The torsion or shear modulus of industrial pure titanium is 46 GPa, and the shear modulus of titanium alloy is 43-51 GPa.

In order to increase the strength of the titanium alloy, increasing the content of interstitial elements will have a harmful effect on the impact resistance and fracture toughness of the alloy. According to the different types and states of titanium alloys, the Charpy notched impact strength of industrial pure titanium is 15-54J/cm2, and the cast state is 4-10J/cm2. The impact strength of titanium alloy in the annealed state is 13-25.8J/cm2, which is slightly lower in the aging state. The Charpy V-notch impact strength of as-cast Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy is 10J/cm2, and that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is 20-23J/cm2. The lower the oxygen content of titanium alloy processing materials, the higher this value.

Many titanium alloys have very high fracture toughness, or in other words, titanium alloys have good crack propagation resistance. The annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a material with excellent toughness. When the notch concentration factor Kt=25.4mm, the ratio of notched tensile strength to non-notched tensile strength is greater than 1.

Titanium alloys can maintain certain properties at high temperatures. General industrial titanium alloys can maintain their useful properties at a temperature of 540°C, but they can only be used for short periods of time, and the temperature range for long-term use is 450-480°C. At present, a titanium alloy for use at a temperature of 600°C has been developed. As a missile material, titanium alloy can be used for a long time at a temperature of 540°C, and it can also be used for a short time at a temperature of 760°C.

Titanium and titanium alloy materials can still maintain their original mechanical properties at low and ultra-low temperatures. As the temperature decreases, the strength of titanium and titanium alloy materials continues to increase, while the ductility gradually deteriorates. Many annealed titanium alloy materials also have sufficient ductility and fracture toughness at -195.5°C. The Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy with very few interstitial elements can be used at a temperature of -252.7°C. The ratio of its notched tensile strength to non-notched tensile strength is 0.95-1.15 at a temperature of -25.7°C.

Liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and liquid fluorine are important propellants in missiles and space devices. The low-temperature properties of the materials used to make low-temperature gas containers and low-temperature structural parts are very important. When the microstructure is equiaxed and the content of interstitial elements (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.) is very low, the ductility of the titanium alloy is still above 5%. Most titanium alloys have poor ductility at -252.7°C, while the elongation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy can reach 12%.
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