Application of titanium rods and titanium alloy materials in the human body

Titanium is a metal with relatively active chemical properties. It can interact with non-metals such as O2, N2, H2, S and halogen when heated. However, at normal temperature, a very thin and dense oxide protective film is easy to form on the surface of titanium, which can resist the action of strong acid and even aqua regia, showing strong corrosion resistance. Therefore, general metals become riddled in acid, alkali, and salt solutions, but titanium is safe. Liquid titanium can dissolve almost all metals, so it can form alloys with a variety of metals. Titanium steel made by adding titanium to steel is tough and elastic. Titanium and metal Al, Sb, Be, Cr, Fe, etc. form interstitial compounds or intermetallic compounds.

     Aircraft made of titanium alloy can carry more than 100 passengers more than aircraft made of other metals with the same weight. The finished submarine can resist both seawater corrosion and deep pressure, and its diving depth is 80% higher than that of a stainless steel submarine. At the same time, titanium is non-magnetic and will not be found by mines, and has a good anti-monitoring effect.

     Titanium is "biophilic". In the human body, it can resist the corrosion of secretions and is non-toxic, and it is suitable for any sterilization method. Therefore, it is widely used in the manufacture of medical equipment, artificial hip joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, flank joints, cranium, active heart valves, and bone fixation clips. When new muscle fiber rings wrap around these "titanium bones", these titanium bones begin to maintain the normal activities of the human body. Titanium is widely distributed in the human body, and the content in a normal human body is no more than 15 mg per 70 kg of body weight. Its role is not clear. However, titanium can stimulate phagocytes and enhance immunity. This effect has been confirmed.

     Titanium compounds and uses: Important titanium compounds are: titanium dioxide (TiO2), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), and barium metatitanate (BaTiO3). Pure titanium dioxide is a white powder, an excellent white pigment, and the trade name is "titanium dioxide". It has both the covering properties of lead white (PbCO3) and the lasting properties of zinc white (ZnO). Therefore, people often add titanium dioxide to paint to make high-grade white paint; in the paper industry as a filler added to the paper pulp; in the textile industry as a matting agent for man-made fibers; in the glass, ceramics, and enamel industries Additives to improve its performance; used as a catalyst in many chemical reactions. With the increasing development of the chemical industry today, titanium dioxide and titanium compounds, as fine chemical products, have high added value and have very attractive prospects. Titanium tetrachloride is a colorless liquid; it has a melting point of 250K, a boiling point of 409K, and an irritating odor. It is easily hydrolyzed in water or humid air and emits a lot of white smoke. TiCl4+3H2O == H2TiO3+4HCl Therefore TiCl4 is used as an artificial aerosol in the military, but it is used in maritime warfare. In agriculture, people use the dense fog on the ground formed by TiCl4 to reduce the heat loss from the ground at night and protect vegetables and crops from severe cold and frost. The TiO2 and BaCO3 are melted together to prepare barium metatitanate: TiO2＋BaCO3 == BaTiO3 + CO2- The artificially prepared BaTiO3 has a high dielectric constant, and the capacitor made from it has a larger capacity, and more importantly, BaTiO3 has Significant "piezoelectric properties", the crystal will generate current when pressed, and will change its shape when it is energized. People put it in the ultrasonic wave, and it generates electric current when it is pressed. The strength of the ultrasonic wave can be measured by measuring the strength of the electric current. It is used in almost all ultrasonic instruments. With the development and utilization of titanate, it is more and more widely used to manufacture non-linear components, dielectric amplifiers, computer memory components, miniature capacitors, electroplating materials, aviation materials, strong magnetism, semiconductor materials, optical instruments, reagents, etc. . The excellent properties of titanium, titanium alloys and titanium compounds prompt humans to urgently need them. However, the high production cost limits the application. We believe that in the near future, with the continuous improvement and improvement of titanium smelting technology, the application of titanium, titanium alloys and titanium compounds will be further developed.

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Common surface treatment methods for titanium alloy forgings

As an important metal welding process plays an important role in industrial production and national defense construction. With the development and changes in the industrial structure of science and technology, advanced welding structure is an effective way to reduce material consumption and reduce the structural quality, a variety of welding technology has broad application prospects. With the development of titanium industry, welding technology has drawn increasing attention.

Titanium has a high specific strength, corrosion resistance and other marine medium, low temperature, high temperature and having high fatigue strength, low coefficient of expansion, good workability, etc., with its structures built in any natural environment can fully play its role. In ship applications, in addition to using its seawater corrosion resistance and high strength characteristics than the outer, as well as non-magnetic, transparent sound, vibration impact, etc., titanium and titanium alloy used in the ship greatly extend the life of the equipment reduce the weight, to enhance the performance of the equipment and technical and tactical whole ship, so titanium is an excellent structural material ship.

As an important metal welding process plays an important role in industrial production and national defense construction with the development of the industrial structure and science and technology, advanced welding structure is an effective way to reduce material consumption and reduce the structural quality of each kinds of welding technology has broad application prospects. With the development of the titanium industry, welding technology has attracted attention higher melting titanium, poor thermal conductivity, and therefore easy because of the improper selection of parameters to form a larger weld pool during welding, and high bath temperature this makes the weld metal and heat affected zone stay long in time high temperature, grain products tends to grow significantly, the joint decreases ductility and toughness, resulting in cracks. So welding processes titanium and titanium alloy is a need to constantly improve problem solving
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Environmental requirements for storage of titanium rods

Principle of thermal spraying:

The particle stream atomized by the heat source and in the molten state hits the purified and rough substrate surface at a high speed to form the required coating. The particles will be deformed when they hit the surface of the substrate, relying on the so-called "embedding" effect to form a coating with a layered structure. With a large number of "overlapped continuous deposition" of plastic particles, the combination of particles should be mostly mechanical, and there must be a certain number of holes. At the same time, if spraying is carried out in the air, there may be oxide inclusions in the coating.
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Technical requirements for the production of titanium alloy sheet

Titanium rods and titanium alloys have high chemical activity. Titanium rods and titanium alloys easily react violently with oxygen, nitrogen and other oxygen-containing gases at high temperatures. When heated in the air, the surface of the blank forms an oxide scale and a surface gettering layer. Titanium rods and titanium alloys are easy to absorb hydrogen when heated, which causes difficulties in the processing of certain types of titanium alloy materials.

Titanium rods and titanium alloys have poor thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of titanium rods and titanium alloys is usually only 1/15 of that of alloys and 1/5 of that of steel. The lower thermal conductivity results in a large temperature difference between the ingot and billet section in the hot B inch, which produces a large thermal response, and cracks will form in severe cases. Therefore, the heating speed must be limited, and the temperature change, deformation speed, Deformation rate, deformation equipment.

Polycrystalline transformation of titanium rods and titanium alloys. Titanium has a-β phase transition. Heating to p temperature can significantly increase plasticity and reduce deformation resistance, but the deformation of β zone is not good enough to obtain a structure with good performance.

The cold deformation ability of titanium alloy is low. Cold working deformation of most titanium alloys is difficult. A little preheating (to 200~300T) can significantly reduce deformation resistance and improve plasticity.

Titanium is easy to bond and deform tools. This tendency tends to deteriorate the surface quality of the processed material, and puts forward more stringent requirements on the deformed tools and molds and process lubrication.

High yield ratio and low elastic modulus. Straightening in a cold state is very difficult.

The above processing characteristics should be fully considered when formulating the production process.
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High temperature oxidation of titanium

1.1 Oxidation of pure titanium

When the temperature is below 500℃, the performance of pure titanium is relatively stable. However, as the temperature continues to increase, oxygen continues to penetrate into the titanium lattice and react with the titanium matrix, forming a large amount of rutile structure on the surface of the titanium material. TiO2 oxide. The rutile TiO2 structure is loose and easy to crack and fall off, causing the titanium material to re-expose the fresh surface, that is, the high temperature oxidation behavior of the pure titanium material can be regarded as the repeated layered peeling of the surface oxide film.

1.2 The influence of alloying elements on the oxidation performance of titanium alloys

The addition of Al, Cr, Si and other alloying elements will not only change the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy, but also affect its resistance to high temperature oxidation. Among them, when the content of Al element in the titanium reaches a certain concentration, the oxyphilic Al element will preferentially react with oxygen, forming a continuous, dense and stable Al2O3 oxide film on the surface of the titanium base, which in turn has a better effect on the base material. Good resistance to high temperature oxidation. On the one hand, the existence of Cr element can promote the formation of Al2O3 oxide film. On the other hand, the miscible zone containing Cr phase can form a certain diffusion layer. When the titanium base is covered with Al protective coating, the diffusion layer can effectively inhibit Ti, Al The inter-diffusion of the elements prolongs the service life of the coating.
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Medical titanium rods, performance advantages and main applications of medical titanium materials

Titanium and titanium alloys are first widely used in aviation, aerospace, and other industries due to their low density (4.51g/cm3), high strength (some up to 1000MPa), high specific strength, and excellent high and low-temperature performance.的structural materials. In addition, titanium and titanium alloys have excellent corrosion resistance and other comprehensive properties in many chemical media and are widely accepted by civilian industries such as petroleum, chemical, medicine, sports, etc., gradually replacing various metal materials, in a short time Leaped to the third place in the use of metal materials.

Titanium was discovered in 1789. In 1908, Norway and the United States began to produce titanium dioxide by the sulfuric acid method. In 1910, the sodium method was used to prepare sponge titanium for the first time in a laboratory. In 1948, the United States DuPont (DUPONT) used the magnesium method to produce tons. The production of titanium sponges marked the beginning of the industrial production of titanium sponges.

It can be seen that the production process of titanium involves the highly toxic chemical medium chlorine gas (a chemical weapon in World War II) and the precious metal magnesium, and the reaction process requires a lot of energy, which is the reason why titanium is expensive. The titanium material smelted in this process cannot be used for production because it is still porous and loose, shaped like a sponge, called sponge titanium. Sponge titanium will be placed in a vacuum consumable electric arc furnace to smelt titanium ingots for use in titanium. Production of plates, rods, tubes, and other forms of titanium.

my country is rich in titanium resources, and the minerals are relatively concentrated. When converted into TiO2, the total reserves amount to more than 9 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Titanium ore is mainly distributed in provinces such as Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, among which the reserves of the Panzhihua area account for 35% of the world's total reserves. However, compared with the world's major titanium deposits, my country's natural rutile (TiO2) resources are few, and there are few placers that can be easily exploited. Titanium ore is mostly titanium-vanadium-iron symbiotic rock ore, and the initial cost of beneficiation and smelting is high.

China's titanium industry started in the 1950s. In 1954, the Beijing Nonferrous Metals Research Institute began to conduct research on the preparation of sponge titanium. In 1956, the country included titanium as a strategic metal in its 12-year development plan, and it was implemented in the Fushun Aluminum Plant in 1958. It established the first titanium sponge production workshop in China and established the first titanium processing material production trial workshop in the Shenyang non-ferrous metal processing plant.

Around 1980, the production of titanium sponges in my country reached 2,800 tons. However, due to the lack of understanding of titanium metal by most people at that time, the high price of titanium materials also restricted the application of titanium. The output of titanium processed materials was only about 200 tons. In trouble.

In 2002, my country imported 2,147 tons of titanium sponge, exported 11 tons, and imported 2136 tons; from January to November 2003, my country imported 2609.9 tons of titanium sponge, exported 72.7 tons, and imported 2534.2 tons.

In 2002, my country produced 3328 tons of titanium sponges, and the actual sales were 3,079 tons; in 2003, my country produced 4,112 tons of titanium sponges and sold 4,128 tons. However, due to the large-scale development of the international chemical industry and aerospace industry, the international titanium materials have been in short supply, which has led to a situation in which my country's titanium materials have risen wildly since 2002.

The production capacity of titanium processing materials is determined by the production capacity of titanium ingots, that is, the country has the overall tonnage of vacuum consumable electric arc furnaces. my country basically has a production capacity of 20,000t/a of titanium ingots. With 70% converted into titanium, it basically has a production capacity of 14,000t/a.

According to preliminary statistics, my country actually produced about 6,000 tons of titanium in 2003, accounting for about 10% of the world's total output. It can be seen that China's titanium processing industry is not very developed, and it takes time and investment.
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Application of titanium alloy materials in the field of shipbuilding and its welding process requirements

The tensile strength of pure titanium is 265-353MPa, the general titanium alloy is 686-1176MPa, and the current maximum is 1764MPa. Titanium alloys have the same strength as many plates of steel but are much better than strength titanium alloys. The specific strength here refers to the strength of the material divided by its apparent density, which is also called the strength-to-weight ratio. The international unit of specific strength is (N/m2)/(kg/m3) or N·m/kg. The ratio of the tensile strength of the material to the apparent density of the material is called the specific strength. The ratio of the strength (stretch) to the density of the material at the breaking point.

The compressive strength of titanium and titanium alloys is not lower than its tensile strength. The compressive yield strength and tensile yield strength of industrial pure titanium are roughly equal, while the compressive strength of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloys is slightly higher than the tensile strength. The shear strength is generally 60%-70% of the tensile strength. The bearing yield strength of titanium and titanium alloy sheets is 1.2-2.0 times the tensile strength.

Under a normal atmosphere, the durable strength of processed and annealed titanium and titanium alloys is (0.5-0.65) times the tensile strength. When performing 107 fatigue tests in the notched state (Kt=3.9), the endurance strength of annealed Ti-6Al-4V is 0.2 times the tensile strength.

The hardness of the highest purity grade of processed industrial pure titanium is usually less than 120HB, and the hardness of processed titanium of other purity is 200-295HB. The hardness of pure titanium castings is 200-220HB. The hardness value of titanium alloy in the annealed state is 32-38HRC, which is equivalent to 298-349HB. The hardness of as-cast Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-6Al-4V alloys is 320HB, and the hardness of Ti-6Al-4V castings with low gap impurities is 310HB.

The tensile elastic modulus of industrial pure titanium is 105-109GPa, and the tensile elastic modulus of most titanium alloys is 110-120GPa in the returned state. The age-hardened titanium alloy has a slightly higher tensile elastic modulus than in the annealed state, and the compressive elastic modulus is equal to or greater than the tensile elastic modulus. Although the stiffness of titanium and titanium alloys is much higher than that of aluminum and aluminum alloys, they are only 55% of iron. The specific elastic modulus of titanium alloy is comparable to that of aluminum alloy, second only to beryllium, molybdenum, and some high-temperature alloys.

The torsion or shear modulus of industrial pure titanium is 46 GPa, and the shear modulus of titanium alloy is 43-51 GPa.

In order to increase the strength of the titanium alloy, increasing the content of interstitial elements will have a harmful effect on the impact resistance and fracture toughness of the alloy. According to the different types and states of titanium alloys, the Charpy notched impact strength of industrial pure titanium is 15-54J/cm2, and the cast state is 4-10J/cm2. The impact strength of titanium alloy in the annealed state is 13-25.8J/cm2, which is slightly lower in the aging state. The Charpy V-notch impact strength of as-cast Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy is 10J/cm2, and that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is 20-23J/cm2. The lower the oxygen content of titanium alloy processing materials, the higher this value.

Many titanium alloys have very high fracture toughness, or in other words, titanium alloys have good crack propagation resistance. The annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a material with excellent toughness. When the notch concentration factor Kt=25.4mm, the ratio of notched tensile strength to non-notched tensile strength is greater than 1.

Titanium alloys can maintain certain properties at high temperatures. General industrial titanium alloys can maintain their useful properties at a temperature of 540°C, but they can only be used for short periods of time, and the temperature range for long-term use is 450-480°C. At present, a titanium alloy for use at a temperature of 600°C has been developed. As a missile material, titanium alloy can be used for a long time at a temperature of 540°C, and it can also be used for a short time at a temperature of 760°C.

Titanium and titanium alloy materials can still maintain their original mechanical properties at low and ultra-low temperatures. As the temperature decreases, the strength of titanium and titanium alloy materials continues to increase, while the ductility gradually deteriorates. Many annealed titanium alloy materials also have sufficient ductility and fracture toughness at -195.5°C. The Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy with very few interstitial elements can be used at a temperature of -252.7°C. The ratio of its notched tensile strength to non-notched tensile strength is 0.95-1.15 at a temperature of -25.7°C.

Liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and liquid fluorine are important propellants in missiles and space devices. The low-temperature properties of the materials used to make low-temperature gas containers and low-temperature structural parts are very important. When the microstructure is equiaxed and the content of interstitial elements (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.) is very low, the ductility of the titanium alloy is still above 5%. Most titanium alloys have poor ductility at -252.7°C, while the elongation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy can reach 12%.
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Performance and characteristics of titanium heat exchanger and titanium reaction kettle heat control equipment

In the application of various titanium alloy products, titanium alloy forgings are mostly used in gas turbine compressor discs and medical artificial bones that require high strength, high toughness and high reliability. Therefore, not only high dimensional accuracy is required for titanium forgings, but also materials with excellent characteristics and high stability are required. The following mainly introduces 6 problems in titanium alloy flaw detection.

1. Segregation defects

In addition to β segregation, β spot, titanium-rich segregation and stripe α segregation, the most dangerous is interstitial α stable segregation (I type α segregation), which is often accompanied by small holes and cracks, containing oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. , The brittleness is greater. There are also aluminum-rich α stable segregation (type II α segregation), which is also accompanied by cracks and brittleness, which constitutes dangerous defects.

2. Inclusions

Most of them are metal inclusions with high melting point and high density. The high melting point and high density elements in the titanium alloy composition are not fully melted and left in the matrix (such as molybdenum inclusions). There are also cemented carbide tool chips mixed in the smelting raw materials (especially recycled materials) or improper electrode welding processes ( Titanium alloy smelting generally uses vacuum consumable electrode remelting method), such as tungsten arc welding, leaving high-density inclusions, such as tungsten inclusions, and titanium inclusions.

The existence of inclusions can easily lead to the occurrence and propagation of cracks, so it is a defect that is not allowed (for example, the Soviet Union's 1977 data stipulates that high-density inclusions with a diameter of 0.3 ~ 0.5 mm must be found in the X-ray inspection of titanium alloys. record).

3. Residual shrinkage

In the central area of ​​the acid leaching test piece (in most cases), there are irregular wrinkle cracks or cavities, and there are often serious looseness, inclusions (slag inclusions) and component segregation on or near them.

4. Holes

The holes do not necessarily exist individually, but may also exist in multiple dense ones, which will accelerate the growth of low-cycle fatigue cracks and cause premature fatigue failure.

5. Cracks

Mainly refers to forging cracks. Titanium alloy has high viscosity, poor fluidity, and poor thermal conductivity. Therefore, during the forging deformation process, due to the large surface friction, the obvious internal deformation unevenness and the large internal and external temperature difference, it is easy to produce shear bands inside the forging ( Strain line), which leads to cracking in severe cases, and its orientation is generally along the direction of maximum deformation stress.

6. Overheating

Titanium alloys have poor thermal conductivity. In addition to overheating of forgings or raw materials caused by improper heating during hot working, the forging process is also prone to overheating due to thermal effects during deformation, causing microstructure changes and generating overheated Widmanstatten structures.
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Application of titanium wire, titanium alloy wire and titanium nickel alloy wire in the fields of industrial and consumer goods

The Japan Institute of Atomic Energy (the original research) cooperated with the European Community, Russia, and the United States to establish the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and began engineering design activities (EDA) in 1992.

The EDA has carried out the technological development of various advanced devices, and the development of superconducting coils is one of them. The toroidal magnetic field coil (TF coil) is manufactured by the Efremov Institute of Electrical Physics and Engineering in Russia, and is designed and developed by the Japan Institute of Atomic Energy. The Nb3Sn superconducting wire is assembled with a titanium tube as a sheath. The following is a brief description of the advantages of using pure titanium tubes to assemble superconducting coils and their development results developed by the Japan Institute of Atomic Energy.

The superconducting coil for the test is composed of 1152 Nb3Sn superconducting wires (0.81mm in diameter) enclosed in a pure titanium tube (tube wall thickness 2mm, inner diameter 43mm), and a layer of 9 turns (height) is wound on the inner side of the support plate. 0.6m) composition (Figure 1). The overall outer diameter of the superconducting coil used in the test is 1.5m and the height is 2.8m. The stainless steel tube surrounding the support plate is used to cool the support plate. The superconducting coil is installed in the center of the prototype coil of the solenoid in the ITER. A current of 46kA flows through the prototype coil in a 13T magnetic field. Tests have verified that the superconducting coil meets the performance required by the IERTF coil. The critical current of the Nb3Sn superconducting wire will decrease under thermal or mechanical stress. In the past, the Nb3Sn superconducting wire was enclosed in a stainless steel tube. The difference in shrinkage (temperature change is 650C～-269C) will cause thermal stress, which will reduce the superconducting properties. For this reason, it is necessary to choose a material with the same thermal shrinkage rate as the Nb3Sn superconducting wire as the sealing tube. Such materials include Inconel 908 and titanium. Japan Harayan considered that pure titanium is superior to Inconel 908 in terms of non-magnetism, corrosion resistance, and processability, so it began experimental development work on titanium. According to the test results of the influence of the metal tube material on the critical current of the small Nb3Sn conductor; it can be seen that when a pure titanium tube is used when the magnetic field is 12T, the critical current value is twice that of a stainless steel tube. Based on this result, a pure titanium tube with a wall thickness of 2mm was used as the sealing tube of the superconducting coil for the test in Russia, and it was successfully energized in Japan Harayan, which increased the critical current of the conductor used in ITER by 30, making the same Cost has achieved higher operating performance.

Due to the very large electromagnetic force generated by the ITERTF coil, the metal tube is required to have sufficient strength. In addition, since the Nb3Sn superconducting material needs to be heat treated at 650C, 240h or more, the metal tube must also withstand this heat treatment. From the perspective of thermal shrinkage, pure titanium is a very ideal material, but it is necessary to study the effect of aging treatment on strength and toughness. Japan Haraken and Nippon Steel Corporation jointly studied the effect of the oxygen content of pure titanium after aging on the mechanical properties at liquid helium temperature (4K). The results show that the mechanical properties of pure titanium at 4K depend on the oxygen content in pure titanium. When the oxygen content is about 0.1, the necessary strength and toughness can be maintained after heat treatment (650C, 240h). Based on this result, the tube used for the superconducting coil used in the test is a pure titanium tube with an oxygen content of 0.106 produced in Russia.

This technology is also expected to be applied in fields such as power storage superconducting coils that require high magnetic fields and high current coils.
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Development and application of domestic medical titanium alloys and new titanium alloy materials

The surface treatment of titanium plates and titanium alloy plates has always been a problem that plagues various titanium manufacturers. With people’s deepening understanding of titanium, the processing technology has also been greatly improved.

After plasma nitriding (nitriding) of titanium plate and titanium alloy plate, its surface hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance in reducing media are greatly improved, and the original excellent comprehensive performance of the matrix is ​​maintained . In terms of plasma nitriding, my country's Guangzhou Research Institute of Nonferrous Metals has made remarkable achievements. For example, the bath heating coil used in hydrometallurgy, using ion-nitriding titanium alloy coil, is safe and has a long life. Another example is the neutralization pot stirring shaft sleeve of the key equipment for chemical extraction of phenol, which requires good sealing performance. The ion titanium nitride shaft sleeve is used to ensure the sealing performance, stable and normal production, and the safe operation time is extended by more than 10 times. For another example, the valve core and valve seat on the desulfurization lye circulation pipeline are made of 1Cr18Ni9Ti material and will be damaged after 18 days of use. The pneumatic valve core and valve seat using ion titanium nitride valve core have been used for more than three years and are still intact.

In natural gas exploitation, the high-pressure anti-sulfur gas production wellhead device is a high-pressure equipment that controls natural gas production. The key components of the wellhead flat valve sealing part, the valve plate and valve seat, require long-term work under high pressure (10~67MPa), and a short-term endurance of 30 ~80MPa pressure can be safe and reliable, open and close flexible, and resistant to acid media corrosion. In addition, the surface hardness of the material is required to be greater than 45HRC, strong abrasion resistance, high-speed air erosion resistance, high specific pressure abrasion resistance, low friction coefficient, low sealing specific pressure and other comprehensive properties. Choose titanium alloy TC4 and TA7 to manufacture flat valve sealing parts, and perform ion nitriding treatment to solve this problem
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Why do we need hardness requirements for titanium screws?

Titanium tube is similar to other metals. The shrinkage behavior of titanium tube during casting also undergoes a change from liquid to solid state and then to solid state. This shrinkage behavior is usually divided into volume shrinkage and linear shrinkage. The volume shrinkage reflects the change of the entire volume of the titanium tube during the casting process. Since the total volume shrinkage is equal to the volume of the concentrated shrinkage cavity of the casting plus the volume of the shrinkage porosity, the solidification shrinkage behavior of the alloy casting process is related to the volume shrinkage of the alloy. It determines the characteristics of shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity of the drill alloy, which is of great significance for understanding the formation of shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity defects of titanium pipes.

Titanium tube

Important factors affecting the solidification and shrinkage of titanium tubes include alloying elements, mold materials and mold structures. Because alloying elements affect the crystallization temperature interval of the titanium tube, just like its influence on fluidity, the solidification shrinkage of the titanium tube first depends on the characteristics of the added alloying element, that is, the crystallization temperature formed between titanium and alloying elements The size of the interval is related. Eutectic titanium tubes with narrow crystallization temperature intervals have good fluidity and are easy to form concentrated shrinkage cavities, while titanium tubes with wide crystallization temperature intervals have poor fluidity and are easy to form dispersive shrinkage cavities, that is, shrinkage porosity.

Because titanium tube has a series of good physical properties, as an excellent structural material, it can compete with stainless steel and nickel alloy for the scope of application: in many sectors of the national economy, the use of titanium tube increases product life and improves The reliability and productivity of the equipment speed up the process and improve the working conditions, all of which have achieved significant economic benefits.
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What are the common specifications of titanium screws?

1. A self-control butterfly valve that can be remotely controlled, which also has the characteristics of a flanged butterfly valve, and can be equipped with a wide range of butterfly valves;

2. The power source is the driving energy of the butterfly valve, with a wide range of power sources, a wide range of applications, saving human resources, and working efficiency;

3. Convenient operation, easy to meet various control requirements, it can be realized by selecting different actuators, signal feedback, flow adjustment, explosion-proof and other functions;

4. It can realize ultra-miniaturization, realize mechanical self-locking and change different sealing rings to meet different working conditions.

Working principle of flange:

Using the actuator to input a standard signal of 0-10 mA, the motor unit drives the gear worm and the gear to drive the disc to rotate. When the valve is in the fully open position, the thickness of the butterfly plate is the resistance of the medium flowing through the valve body.

Therefore, the pressure drop produced by the valve is very small, so it has better flow control characteristics.

The butterfly valve has two sealing types: elastic seal and metal seal. Resilient sealing valve,

The sealing ring can be inlaid on the valve body or attached to the periphery of the butterfly plate. The valve with a metal seal generally has a longer life than the valve with an elastic seal.

But it is difficult to achieve a complete seal. The metal seal can adapt to higher working temperatures, while the elastic seal has the defect of being limited by temperature. If the flange butterfly valve is required to be used as flow control, The main thing is to correctly choose the size and type of the valve.
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How to prevent moisture and moisture from titanium screws?

Titanium is a modern metal. The history of titanium can be traced back to 1795, when the German chemist Klaprus first discovered this new element and named it. By 1948, relevant American scholars began to extract a large amount of sponge titanium with the help of magnesium reduction method, and then titanium metal began to be widely used in industrial fields.

From the beginning of the last century, many scholars began to use titanium as a source of artistic creation, and it spread quickly among developed countries. During this period, people's basic research on titanium metal has become increasingly sophisticated, and titanium metal has begun to be applied to jewelry materials. However, during this period, the application of titanium in the fields of craft gifts, utensils and construction still needs to be strengthened. In my country, the application of titanium in arts and crafts is almost in a blank state, and the research on coloring is still very scarce.

With the continuous improvement of titanium metal processing technology, the application of titanium metal in arts and crafts will inevitably become more and more extensive. And titanium metal has many characteristics, namely: low density, strong affinity, not easy to corrode, color change, etc., which makes its application prospects in the field of art very broad.

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How to deal with casting defects of titanium screws?

The titanium alloy forgings used on the space shuttle mainly include: high-pressure vessels, wing leading edges, oil pressure pipelines, engine thrust brackets, etc.

①High pressure vessel.

The pressure vessel used on the space shuttle must withstand a high pressure of (2.1~3.5)×10Pa. The wall of the vessel is actually a composite structure, which uses titanium as the substrate and is reinforced with aromatic organic fibers. The fiber applies a pre-stress (compressive stress) to the titanium substrate. This structure can make the pressure vessel weigh 35% lighter than a single-layer all-titanium vessel. Both the container material and its welding wire use Ti6Al4V alloy.

② Wing.

The maximum temperature of the front edge of the wing can rise to 538℃, which is unbearable by aluminum alloy, and the FeNi-based alloy is too heavy, so Ti6Al-4V alloy is used. The wing is fixed on the wing supporting structure with the same fixture mechanism, and the fixture also uses Ti6Al4V alloy.

③Hydraulic piping.

There are a large number of hydraulic pipelines on the space shuttle, and T3A2.5V alloy seamless pipes are used for piping, which can reduce the weight of the pipeline by 40%.

④ Engine thrust bracket.

At the back of the space shuttle, there is a thrust bracket supporting three main engines (Figure 29), through which 510t of thrust can be transmitted to the space shuttle. The thrust bracket is made of high-strength titanium alloy, and at the same time, boron epoxy resin is used for composite on its surface. The specific elastic modulus of boron epoxy resin is higher than that of Ti6A4V alloy, but the thermal expansion coefficient of the two is similar. The boron epoxy resin composite layer can improve the rigidity of the thrust member.

⑤Other parts.

Due to the high specific strength of titanium, titanium materials are used in the space shuttle for the rear elevator fixture, external container fixture, the upper part of the frame/tail conversion device, and the sealing fins on the upper surface between the wings and elevons.
Titanium Capillary Tube      Titanium Eye Bolt      Titanium Flat Wire      T40 Titanium Bar      

Types and advantages of titanium screws?

1. Titanium alloy has good heat resistance, low temperature toughness and fracture toughness, so it is mostly used as aircraft engine parts and rocket and missile structural parts. Titanium alloy can also be used as fuel and oxidant storage tanks and high-pressure vessels. Titanium alloys have been used to make automatic rifles, mortar seat plates, and launch tubes for recoilless rifles.

2. In the petroleum industry, it is mainly used for various containers, reactors, heat exchangers, distillation towers, pipelines, pumps and valves.

3. Titanium can be used as electrode and condenser of power station and environmental pollution control device.

4. Titanium-nickel shape memory alloys have been widely used in instruments and meters.

5. In medical treatment, titanium can be used as artificial bones and various appliances.

Sixth, titanium is also a deoxidizer for steelmaking and a component of stainless steel and alloy steel.

7. Titanium dioxide is a good raw material for pigments and paints.

8. Titanium carbide and titanium hydride are new cemented carbide materials.

9. The color of titanium nitride is close to that of gold, and it is widely used in decoration.
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What are the welding functions of cutting titanium plate

As a rare metal element, titanium's performance is far beyond what we have seen. General power generation equipment, especially the side with a lower thermal cycle temperature, provides an ideal environment for titanium.

It is possible to develop a new type of titanium tube that can be used at a higher working temperature. Compared with the high-strength low-temperature titanium tube that has been developed, it will have greater potential in saving metal and improving efficiency. The goal is to develop a titanium tube that can be used at a temperature of 650°C. This alloy can be used on high-pressure turbine wheels and can reduce weight by 20% compared to the commonly used base wheels.

However, with the increase of working temperature, titanium tubes will inevitably bring more new problems, such as surface oxidation, long-term stability of mass metallurgical production, friction corrosion, fire hazard, and hot salt stress corrosion. Some problems can be solved by surface coating or surface treatment. For this reason, research in this area is currently being actively carried out.

F5 Titanium Forging      ASTM B861 25*1.2mm Titanium Tube For Chemical      F1 Pure Titanium Forging      Ti 1023 Titanium Thick Plate      

How to choose the reducing agent of titanium rod

With the increasing amount of titanium alloy materials on various power systems, the surface protection of titanium alloy parts during processing becomes particularly important.

Titanium alloy has good specific strength, high heat resistance, excellent corrosion resistance and low density. It has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, ship and chemical industries. Especially in the power system, a large number of titanium alloy materials are used, which has far-reaching significance for reducing the weight of the system and increasing the thrust-to-weight ratio.

What are the protection requirements for titanium alloys during machining? The following titanium alloy machining parts manufacturers introduce a few points:

(1) When cutting titanium alloy parts, machine tools and tools with good rigidity, and special tooling with low vibration and strong rigidity should be used. The special tooling for titanium alloy parts is not allowed to have active metal coatings such as zinc plating and cadmium plating to prevent the organization of titanium alloy parts from being exchanged with the tooling due to electrochemical corrosion and to prevent the cadmium brittleness of the titanium alloy. Choose suitable tooling to minimize the processing stress of titanium alloy parts and avoid deformation.

(2) When processing titanium alloy, use a lower cutting speed, sharp tool, and take a big knife. However, the tool is not allowed to stop during the machining process. At the same time, choose the specified halogen-free coolant to prevent the surface of the titanium alloy from being overheated and sticking to the knife, which may cause the problem of tearing the metal and deteriorating the surface of the part.

The sticking of the knife is mainly caused by the chemical affinity of the titanium alloy and the tool material. The use of a chloride-free coolant can not only prevent overheating, but also have a certain lubricating effect, reduce the phenomenon of tearing, and extend the use of the tool. life.

(3) Titanium alloys are prone to cold work hardening. Therefore, the depth of the cut should exceed the thickness of the cold work-hardened layer produced during the previous cutting. The tool should have both anti-wear ability and high thermal hardness. The machining depth should be ensured by controlling the rigidity of the lathe, the tool, and the clamping degree of the parts.

(4) When milling titanium alloy parts, it is recommended to use high-speed steel multi-edge milling cutters embedded with cemented carbide. Disc milling cutters should adopt down-milling technology. When reverse milling, the stability of the milling cutter is reduced by half so that the finish of the processed surface will have severely deteriorated.
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Do you know the corrosion forms of titanium rods?

Titanium alloy materials such as titanium rods and titanium plates have high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and satisfactory comprehensive performance and processing performance, making them very dynamic structural materials in the military and civilian fields after the 1950s. In the aerospace field, titanium alloy materials are mainly used as structural parts of aircraft engines: compressor discs, blades, drums, air ducts, compressor casings, high-pressure compressor rotors, shafts, aircraft landing gear, bulkheads , Shell, skin, etc. In civilian use, golf heads, artificial joints, civilian bicycles, various titanium containers (pressure vessels, chemical, electroplating baths), etc. have also entered people's lives. The market application prospects of titanium materials such as titanium rods, titanium plates, and titanium tubes can be subdivided into:

1. Technology:

Forming and powder metallurgy technology, corrosion-resistant titanium alloy, high-temperature titanium alloy, high-strength and high-toughness titanium alloy, new processing technology, new technology, coating technology, sponge titanium preparation technology, functional and medical titanium alloy, titanium-based composite material, titanium welding Technology, etc.;

2. Equipment category:

Mineral processing equipment, metallurgical equipment, smelting equipment, casting equipment, welding equipment, processing equipment, heat treatment equipment, special processing and forming equipment, instrumentation, etc.;

3. Basic categories:

Titanium ore, titanium sponge, titanium powder, plates, bars, wires, cakes, rings, pipes, strips, foils, capillaries, various alloys, etc.;

4. Application category:

①Reactors, autoclaves, heat exchangers, evaporators, filters, condensers, radiators, reaction towers, fractionation towers, regeneration towers, rectification towers, washing towers, pipe pump valves, standards used in the petrochemical industry Pieces and other titanium products;

② Titanium products such as compressor plates, high-pressure vessels, blades, casings, brackets, landing gears, ducts, doors, and tie rods used in the aerospace industry;

③Sports and leisure products and crafts: golf heads, bicycles, model airplanes, rackets, climbing equipment, glasses, watches, jewelry, tableware, etc.;

④Various titanium alloy pipe pump valves, evaporation tanks, heat exchangers, circulation tanks, etc. used in the salt industry;

⑤Titanium products such as condensers, condensers, tube sheets, cold oil pipes, and turbine blades in the power industry;

⑥ Titanium materials used in the shipbuilding industry to manufacture pressure hulls, structural parts, buoyancy spheres, propellers, propulsion shafts, pipe pump valves, etc.;

⑦Titanium teeth, heart valves, diaphragms, stents, bone joints and fixation screws, titanium bones, titanium surgical instruments and other medical titanium products used in the medical industry;

⑧ Various titanium alloy decorative materials used for high-level decoration in the construction industry;

⑨ Titanium products used in metallurgy, electromechanical, weapons, automobiles, and textile industries.

5. Science and technology publications, titanium technology reference books, etc.

With the continuous expansion of the scope of application of titanium alloys and the increasing usage, it will surely promote the new progress of the titanium industry and bring about the era of titanium alloys in the research and development of new materials and industrial production applications.
Gr7 Ti-0.2Pd Titanium Foil     Titanium Planar Target     Ti 15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al Titanium Strip     Gr1 Pure Titanium Bar

What should I do with titanium rod or titanium alloy residue?

At present, my country has developed into a major country in the world's titanium industry, with titanium production capacity and output ranking first in the world. However, the overall technical content of domestic titanium materials is low, the added value of products is low, and the production capacity is serious. The titanium industry is facing "big but not strong." In the current situation, increasing the deep processing of titanium materials and the development of high value-added products are the key to the industry’s getting rid of the difficulties. As an important functional thin film material in the field of electronic information, high-purity titanium has rapidly increased its demand in recent years with the rapid development of my country's integrated circuit, flat display, and solar energy industries. Magnetron sputtering (PVD) technology is one of the key technologies for preparing thin film materials. High-purity titanium sputtering targets are key consumables in the magnetron sputtering process and have broad market application prospects. As a high-value-added coating material, titanium target material has strict requirements in terms of chemical purity, structure and performance, high technical content, and difficult processing. Chinese target material manufacturers started relatively late in the field of high-end target manufacturing. The purity of raw materials is relatively backward, and there is also a certain gap between target preparation technologies such as tissue control, process molding and other core process technologies. For downstream high-end applications, the development of high-performance titanium sputtering targets is an important measure to realize the independent research and development of key materials for the electronic information manufacturing industry and to promote the transformation and upgrading of the titanium industry to high-end.
Gr1 Pure Titanium Plate     Gr23 Ti-6Al-4V ELI Titanium Pipe     F2 Pure Titanium Forging     F9 Titanium Forging

Precautions for processing titanium alloy parts during processing

The titanium alloy material parts used on the space shuttle mainly include high pressure vessel, wing leading edge, oil pressure pipeline, engine thrust bracket, etc.

①High pressure vessel

The pressure vessel used on the space shuttle must withstand a high pressure of (2.1~3.5)×10Pa. The wall of the vessel is actually a composite structure, which uses titanium as the substrate and is reinforced with aromatic organic fibers. The fiber applies a pre-stress (compressive stress) to the titanium substrate. This structure can make the pressure vessel weigh 35% lighter than a single-layer all-titanium vessel. Both the container material and its welding wire use Ti6Al4V alloy.

②wing

The maximum temperature of the front edge of the wing can rise to 538℃, which is unbearable by aluminum alloy, and the FeNi-based alloy is too heavy, so Ti6Al-4V alloy is used. The wing is fixed on the wing supporting structure with the same fixture mechanism, and the fixture also uses Ti6Al4V alloy.

③Hydraulic piping

There are a large number of hydraulic pipelines on the space shuttle, and T3A2.5V alloy seamless pipes are used for piping, which can reduce the weight of the pipeline by 40%.

④Engine thrust bracket

At the back of the space shuttle, there is a thrust bracket supporting three main engines (Figure 29), through which 510t of thrust can be transmitted to the space shuttle. The thrust bracket is made of high-strength titanium alloy, and at the same time, boron epoxy resin is used for compounding on its surface. The specific elastic modulus of boron epoxy resin is higher than that of Ti6A4V alloy, but the thermal expansion coefficient of the two is similar. The boron epoxy resin composite layer can improve the rigidity of the thrust member.

⑤Other parts

Due to the high specific strength of titanium, titanium materials are used in the space shuttle for the rear elevator fixture, external container fixture, the upper part of the frame/tail conversion device, and the sealing fins on the upper surface between the wings and elevons.
thin titanium plate     Titanium Sputtering Target     Grade 23 Titanium Pipe     titanium alloy powder