What should be paid attention to during the cutting process of titanium plate

1. Aerospace

The major titanium use countries in the aerospace industry are concentrated in Western countries, especially the United States, where 60% of titanium is used in this field. Asian countries, Japan and China all invest about 10% of titanium in this field. However, with the rapid development of Asian aerospace in recent years, the consumption of titanium in the aerospace field will increase accordingly. From a global perspective, the aviation industry plays a decisive role in the titanium market. Historically, the major cycles of the titanium industry are closely related to the aviation industry.

2. Civil aircraft

(1) Reduce structural weight and improve structural efficiency

(2) Meet the use requirements of high temperature parts

(3) Meet the requirements that match the structure of the composite material

(4) Meet the requirements of high corrosion resistance and long life

3. Military weapons

The development and procurement of military weapons continue to develop in the direction of lightness and flexibility. In order to meet the fighter's combat performance requirements, in addition to adopting advanced design technology, it is necessary to use materials with excellent performance and advanced manufacturing technology. One of the important measures is to choose a large number of titanium alloys and improve the application level of advanced titanium alloys.

4. Car

Reducing fuel consumption and reducing hazardous waste (CO2, NOX, etc.) emissions have become one of the main driving forces and directions for technological progress in the automotive industry. Research shows that lightweight is an effective measure to save fuel and reduce pollution. For every 10% reduction in the quality of a car, fuel consumption can be reduced by 8%-10%, and exhaust emissions can be reduced by 10%.

In terms of driving, the acceleration performance of the vehicle is improved after the weight is reduced, and the vehicle control stability, noise and vibration are also improved. From the perspective of collision safety, after the car is lightweight, the inertia during a collision is small and the braking distance is reduced.

The preferred way to reduce the weight of automobiles is to replace traditional automobile materials (steel) with light materials with high specific strength, such as aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. In 2009, the global amount of titanium used in automobiles reached 3,000 tons. Titanium has been used in racing cars for many years. At present, almost all racing cars use titanium. Japanese cars use more than 600 tons of titanium. With the development of the global automobile industry, the use of titanium for automobiles is still increasing rapidly.

5. Medical industry

Titanium has a wide range of applications in the medical field. Titanium is close to human bones and has good biocompatibility to human tissues without toxic side effects. Human implants are special functional materials closely related to human life and health. Compared with other metal materials, the main advantages of using titanium and titanium alloys are as follows:

1 Light weight; 2 Low modulus of elasticity; 3 Non-magnetic; 4 Non-toxic; 5 Corrosion resistance; 6 High strength and good toughness.

The amount of titanium alloy used in surgical implants is increasing at an annual rate of 5%-7%. Femoral heads, hip joints, humerus, skull, knee joints, elbow joints, shoulder joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, jaws, and cardiac membranes, kidney membranes, vasodilators, splints, prostheses, made of titanium and titanium alloys Hundreds of metal parts, such as fastening screws, have been transplanted into the human body, which has achieved good results and has been highly praised by the medical community.

6. Chemical industry

Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and process properties, and is widely used in many sectors of the national economy. Especially in chemical production, titanium is used instead of stainless steel, nickel-based alloys and other rare metals as corrosion-resistant materials. This is of great significance to increase output, improve product quality, extend equipment life, reduce consumption, reduce energy consumption, reduce costs, prevent pollution, improve working conditions, and increase labor productivity.

7. Ocean Engineering

With the development of science and technology and the depletion of land resources, mankind's development and utilization of the ocean has been on the agenda. Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance to seawater, and is widely used in seawater desalination, ships, ocean thermal energy development, and seabed resource exploitation.

8. Daily life

Titanium is widely used in daily life and can be described as ubiquitous. For example, golf heads, bicycle frames, tennis rackets, wheelchairs, spectacle frames, etc. are all used in titanium.

The application of titanium in sporting goods due to its light weight and high strength has gradually expanded from the earliest tennis rackets and badminton rackets to golf heads, clubs and racing cars.

The light weight of titanium is also applied to spectacle frames, and titanium is not easy to be allergic to the skin, and the surface of titanium can have brilliant colors after anodizing, so it has been used in spectacle frames since the early 1980s.

Titanium is considered a rare metal because it is scattered in nature and difficult to extract. But it is relatively rich, ranking tenth among all elements. Titanium ore mainly includes ilmenite and rutile, which are widely distributed in the crust and lithosphere. Titanium is also present in almost all living things, rocks, water bodies and soil.

The Kroll method or Hunter method is required to extract titanium from the main ore. The most common compound of titanium is titanium dioxide, which can be used to make white pigments. Other compounds also include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (used as a catalyst and used to make smoke screens as air cover) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (used to catalyze the production of polypropylene).

Titanium alloy characteristics:

High strength, the density of titanium alloy is generally about 4.51g/cm3, which is only 60% of steel. The strength of pure titanium is close to that of ordinary steel. Some high-strength titanium alloys exceed the strength of many alloy structural steels. Therefore, the specific strength (strength/density) of titanium alloy is much greater than other metal structural materials, and parts and components with high unit strength, good rigidity, and light weight can be produced. At present, titanium alloys are used in aircraft engine components, skeletons, skins, fasteners, and landing gear.
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Usually the problems that need attention in the process of rolling and heat treatment of titanium plates

The thermal conductivity of titanium alloy is small, about 1/3 of that of iron, and the heat generated during machining is difficult to release through the workpiece; at the same time, because the specific heat of titanium alloy is small, the local temperature rises quickly during processing. Therefore, it is easy to cause the tool temperature to be very high, sharply wear the tool tip, and reduce the service life. Experiments have proved that the temperature of the tip of the tool for cutting titanium alloy is 2-3 times higher than that of cutting steel. Thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, chemical activity, alloy type and microstructure are the main factors affecting the machining performance of titanium alloys. The low modulus of elasticity of titanium alloy makes the machined surface easy to spring back, especially the processing spring back of thin-walled parts is more serious, which is easy to cause strong friction between the flank face and the machined surface, thereby wearing the tool and chipping. Titanium alloys have strong chemical activity, and can easily interact with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen at high temperatures, increasing their hardness and decreasing plasticity. It is difficult to mechanically process the oxygen-rich layer formed during heating and forging. Titanium alloys have different alloy compositions and different processing properties. In the annealed state, a-type titanium alloy has better mechanical processing performance; a+β-type titanium alloy takes the second place; β-type titanium alloy has high strength and good hardenability. But the machining performance is the worst.

There are many machining methods for titanium alloys, mainly including: turning, milling, boring, drilling, grinding, tapping, sawing, EDM and so on.
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Titanium board appearance inspection standard, do you know?

Ultrasonic impact technology is an efficient way to eliminate harmful residual tensile stress on the surface of the component or the weld area and introduce beneficial compressive stress. Ultrasonic impact equipment uses high-power energy to push the impact head to impact the surface of metal objects at a frequency of about 20,000 times per second. The high-frequency, high-efficiency and high-focus energy causes large compression and plastic deformation of the metal surface; at the same time, the ultrasonic impact changes The original stress field generates beneficial compressive stress; the metal surface temperature rises rapidly and cools rapidly under high-energy impact, which changes the surface metal structure of the affected area and strengthens the impact site.

In the field of high-energy ultrasound (HPU), ultrasonic impact technology has become a promising research direction, and its application range has been extended to various materials, components, and welding units. So far, the ultrasonic impact technology has been used in railways, marine engineering, automobiles, armored vehicles, heavy construction machinery, mechanical parts, aircraft, bridges, rolling stock, and rolling stock in Russia, Ukraine, France, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Canada, and the United States. , Petroleum pipelines, chemical machinery equipment and many other fields have applications.

Ultrasonic impact is the use of high-power ultrasound to push the impact tool to impact the surface of a metal object at a frequency of more than 20,000 times per second. Due to the high frequency, high efficiency and large energy of the ultrasound, the metal surface produces greater piezoplastic deformation; At the same time, the ultrasonic shock wave changes the original stress field and produces a certain value of compressive stress; the ultrasonic shock wave can be strengthened. The ultrasonic drive power supply is connected with the ultrasonic transducer arranged in the shell through a cable, the vibration output end of the transducer is connected with the horn, and the end of the horn is equipped with an impact needle. The ultrasonic drive power converts the mains electricity into high frequency and high voltage alternating current, which is output to the ultrasonic transducer. Then the ultrasonic transducer converts the input electrical energy into mechanical energy, that is, ultrasonic. Its manifestation is that the transducer makes a longitudinal reciprocating telescopic motion; the frequency of the telescopic motion is equal to the frequency of the AC current of the driving power source, and the displacement of the telescopic motion is more than ten. About micrometers. The role of the horn is to amplify the output amplitude of the transducer to more than 100 microns, and on the other hand to apply an impact force to the impact needle to push the impact needle forward at high speed. After the impact pin impacts the workpiece, the energy is transferred to the weld to achieve the effect of eliminating internal stress. The impact head rebounds after being reacted by the workpiece, and when it hits the high-frequency vibrating horn, it is excited again and hits the weld at high speed again. Repeat this many times to complete the impact operation. Features:  High power, good impact effect, high reliability, long service life, light weight, portability, very convenient operation, sophisticated design, wide range of use, significant energy saving, and cost reduction.

effect:

 1. Turn the residual tensile stress in the surface layer of the metal weld into a compressive stress, thereby greatly improving the fatigue life of the metal structure.

2. Change the metal crystal grain structure in the surface layer to produce a plastic deformation layer, thereby significantly improving the strength and hardness of the metal surface layer.

3. Improve the geometry of the weld toe and reduce stress concentration.

4. Change the welding stress field, significantly reduce welding deformation and improve the dimensional stability of the workpiece.
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Production process of titanium aluminum profiles

Reducing the price of titanium alloy materials such as titanium rods, titanium plates, and titanium wires must be carried out from two aspects: the development of new low-cost alloys and the improvement of production processes:

1. Reduce raw material costs

Titanium has a high melting point and very active chemical properties. It has a strong chemical affinity with elements such as O, H, N and C, which makes it difficult to extract pure titanium. The Kroll magnesium reduction method is widely used in industry to produce sponge titanium. The Kroll magnesium reduction method produces sponge titanium with a complex process, high energy consumption, long cycle time, and cannot be continuously produced. At the same time, a large amount of metallic magnesium is required as a reducing agent, and the production cost is relatively high. At present, the process of direct electrochemical reduction of TiO2 in molten CaCl2 developed by the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom has made a breakthrough. This method has a short production cycle for producing sponge titanium, and the production cost has been reduced by 40%.

Titanium alloys mostly use high-priced V as alloying elements to increase their strength, and these alloying elements are mostly added with Al-X as a master alloy. Substituting cheap Fe, Cr and other alloying elements for V is an effective way to reduce the cost of titanium alloys.

With the advancement of titanium smelting technology, it is an effective method to reduce the cost of raw materials to add the leftovers and scraps generated during the production and processing of titanium as furnace charge after a series of treatments to achieve recycling.

2. Reduce processing costs

Casting is a classic net (near) forming process. The parts produced do not need to be machined or machined very little, which saves a lot of metal. Casting can often produce parts with complex shapes, and when these parts are manufactured by other traditional methods, the process is complicated and the production cost is relatively high, especially for titanium, which has relatively high material prices. At present, titanium castings are widely used in the aviation industry. In the automobile manufacturing industry, parts produced by casting methods include valves and turbochargers. Powder metallurgy, as an advanced technology method of modern metallurgy and material processing, has played an important role in the titanium industry. The use of titanium powder metallurgy near-forming technology can directly produce finished products or parts close to the finished size, which reduces the consumption of raw materials, shortens the processing cycle, and saves 20% to 50% of the cost compared with conventional processes. At present, the research of titanium powder metallurgy is in a stage of rapid development, which mainly includes several aspects. One is the preparation technology of high-quality and low-cost titanium powder and its industrialization; the other is the preparation technology of titanium powder metallurgy, which is also popularized and applied in the automobile industry.
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Do you know the drawing process of titanium rods?

TC4 titanium alloy has excellent comprehensive properties, and the output accounts for more than 50% of the entire titanium alloy products, and more than 80% of the total amount of titanium alloy products is used in the aerospace industry. It is mainly used as load-bearing components of aircraft, which accounts for approximately the amount of titanium alloy used for load-bearing components 70% to 80% of the total. At present, some countries in the world have mature technologies for preparing large-scale titanium alloy materials and have formulated corresponding specifications. For example, the thickness of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) titanium alloy sheets in the American Standard AMS 4911L can reach 100mm. However, due to the limitations of the preparation process and the level of use, the preparation of high-performance large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates (thickness greater than 40mm and width greater than 2000mm) in China still faces many challenges.

As the thickness and width of the TC4 titanium alloy sheet increase, the difficulty of controlling the uniformity of the structure and maintaining its strong plastic matching will also increase. The use of suitable hot working methods is effective for preparing large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates. way. The researchers used the thermal processing map obtained by the thermal simulation test as a reference to explore the deformation amount, rolling temperature and other process parameters, and successfully prepared a large-size TC4 with good plate shape and uniform structure on a 2800mm four-high hot rolling mill. Titanium alloy thick plate.

The TC4 titanium alloy ingot used in the experiment was smelted by vacuum consumable arc three times, and the mass was 5t. After peeling the ingots, samples were taken at the upper, middle, and lower parts of the ingot and analyzed for composition. From the analysis results, it can be seen that the main elements Al, V and the impurity elements Fe and O are evenly distributed on the upper, middle, and lower parts of the ingot without segregation. Fully meet the requirements of preparing large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates.
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New developments in the skill flow of titanium alloy casting titanium alloy

(1) The elastic modulus of titanium is relatively low relative to its tensile performance. Therefore, in the pressing and roller operations, a larger rebound margin must be considered. It is precisely because of the lower modulus of elasticity that in order to achieve the same degree of stability, the cross-section of titanium parts is slightly larger than that of the same steel parts.

(2) Titanium is easy to machine, but its seizure tendency (larger than stainless steel) and low thermal conductivity must be considered, and the commonly used machining technology, thread, and bearing surface design must be appropriately improved. At least a rigid machine tool, sharp cutting tools, slow speed, large cutting volume, and leave room for chip removal, it is also recommended to use a large amount of cooling lubricant.

(3) The thermal expansion coefficient of titanium is 75% of carbon steel. When it is necessary to combine these two materials in equipment design and manufacturing, special attention should be paid to this point.

(4) Because titanium is a kind of active metal, it is easy to combine with oxygen in the air when heated to above 600℃, so it is generally not recommended to use titanium for a long time at a temperature higher than this temperature.

(5) When the temperature of industrial pure titanium exceeds 150~200℃, the mechanical strength decreases rapidly.

(6) The diffusion rate of hydrogen in titanium is faster than that of oxygen. Therefore, before the thermal processing, the heating furnace used should have a micro-oxidizing atmosphere. This will produce a thinner oxide film, but it avoids the possibility of hydrogen. Deep pollution.

(7) The softer industrial pure titanium plate is easy to be cold-formed after annealing; the harder industrial pure titanium and Ti2.5Cu require medium temperature processing, and the processing temperature for Ti6Al4V is preferably 600~700℃.

(8) Composite plates can be obtained by explosive welding of thin titanium plates and thick steel plates, which can be used to manufacture high-pressure and high-temperature vessels and heat exchangers. However, it is not economically cost-effective to use it to replace the overall titanium or the titanium lining of the suit.
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The use and characteristics of titanium rods

TC4 alloy is a typical α-β two-phase titanium alloy, containing 6% α stabilizing element Al and 4% β stabilizing element V. The alloy has excellent comprehensive properties and has been widely used in the aviation and aerospace industries. The long-term working temperature of TC4 titanium alloy can reach 400℃. In the aviation industry, it is mainly used to manufacture engine fans and compressor discs and blades, as well as important load-bearing components such as beams, joints and bulkheads in aircraft structures.

The main semi-finished products of TC4 titanium alloy are bars, forgings, thick plates, thin plates, profiles and wires. The alloy is mainly used in the annealed state, and can also be strengthened by solution aging treatment, and the quenched cross section generally does not exceed 25mm.

The alloy has good process plasticity and superplasticity, and is suitable for various pressure forming. The alloy can also be welded and machined in various ways.
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What is the difference between titanium plates and stainless steel plates?

1. Turning

The turning of titanium alloy products is easy to obtain better surface roughness, and the work hardening is not serious, but the cutting temperature is high and the tool wears quickly. In view of these characteristics, the following measures are mainly taken in terms of tools and cutting parameters:

Tool material: YG6, YG8, YG10HT are selected according to the existing conditions of the factory.

Tool geometry parameters: suitable front and rear angles of the tool, tool tip rounding.

Low cutting speed, moderate feed rate, deep cutting depth, sufficient cooling, the tool tip cannot be higher than the center of the workpiece when turning the outer circle, otherwise it will be easy to stick the tool, and the tool will be biased when finishing turning and turning thin-walled parts. The angle should be large, generally 75-90°.

2. Milling

Milling of titanium alloy products is more difficult than turning, because milling is intermittent cutting, and the chips are easy to bond with the cutting edge. When the sticky teeth cut into the workpiece again, the sticky chips are knocked off and a small piece of tool material is taken away. Chipping greatly reduces the durability of the tool. Metal processing WeChat, the content is good and worthy of attention. Therefore, three measures have been taken for titanium alloy milling:

Milling method: Climbing milling is generally used. Tool material: high-speed steel M42. Improve the rigidity of the process system in terms of workpiece clamping and equipment.

What needs to be pointed out here is: general alloy steel processing does not use down milling, due to the influence of the machine tool screw and nut clearance, during down milling, the milling cutter acts on the workpiece, and the component force and feed in the feed direction If the direction is the same, it is easy to cause intermittent movement of the workpiece table, which will cause the knife to hit. For down milling, the cutter tooth hits the crust at the beginning of the cut, causing the cutter to break. However, since the chips of up-milling are from thin to thick, the tool is prone to dry friction with the workpiece during the initial cutting, which increases the sticking and chipping of the tool. In the case of titanium alloys, the latter contradiction is even more prominent.

In addition, in order to make titanium alloy milling smoothly, the following points should be noted: Compared with the general standard milling cutter, the rake angle should be reduced, and the back angle should be increased. ; The milling speed should be low. Use sharp tooth milling cutters as much as possible and avoid using relief tooth milling cutters; the tip of the tool should be smoothly transferred; use a large amount of cutting fluid. In order to improve production efficiency, the milling depth and width can be appropriately increased. The milling depth is generally 1.5～3.0mm for rough machining and 0.2～0.5mm for finishing.

3. Grinding

The common problems in grinding titanium alloy parts are sticky debris causing blockage of the grinding wheel and burns on the surface of the part. The reason is the poor thermal conductivity of the titanium alloy, which causes high temperature in the grinding zone, so that the titanium alloy and the abrasive are bonded, diffused and strongly chemically reacted. Sticky chips and blockage of the grinding wheel lead to a significant decrease in the grinding ratio. As a result of diffusion and chemical reactions, the workpiece is burned on the ground surface, resulting in a reduction in the fatigue strength of the parts, which is more obvious when grinding titanium alloy castings.

In order to solve this problem, the measures taken are: select the appropriate grinding wheel material: green silicon carbide TL. Slightly lower grinding wheel hardness: ZR1. Coarse wheel size: 60. Slightly lower grinding wheel speed: 10-20m/s. Slightly smaller feed rate, fully cooled with emulsion.

4. Drilling

It is difficult to drill titanium alloys, and the phenomenon of burning tools and broken drills often occurs during the processing. This is mainly caused by several reasons such as poor sharpening of the drill bit, delayed chip removal, poor cooling, and poor rigidity of the process system. Therefore, the following points must be paid attention to in titanium alloy drilling processing: Tool material: high-speed steel M42, B201 or cemented carbide. Reasonable drill sharpening: increase the top angle, reduce the front angle of the outer edge, increase the rear angle of the outer edge, and increase the inverted cone to 2 to 3 times that of the standard drill. Withdraw the knife frequently and remove the chips in time, paying attention to the shape and color of the chips. If the chips appear feathery or the color changes during the drilling process, it indicates that the drill is blunt, and the tool should be changed and sharpened in time.

Add enough cutting fluid: Soybean oil is generally used, and French OLTIP special oil for drilling and tapping can be added when necessary. Improve the rigidity of the process system: the drilling jig should be fixed on the worktable, the drilling jig guide should be close to the processing surface, and the short drill bit should be used as much as possible. There is also a problem worth noting: When manual feed is adopted, the drill must not stay in the hole, otherwise the drill blade will rub against the machined surface, causing work hardening and dulling the drill.

5. Reaming

When titanium alloy reaming, the tool wear is not serious, and cemented carbide and high-speed steel reamers can be used. Commonly used in factories are W18Cr4V, M42, YW1, YG8, YG10HT, etc. When using cemented carbide reamer, the rigidity of the process system similar to that of drilling should be adopted to prevent the reamer from chipping. Metal processing WeChat, the content is good and worthy of attention. The main problem of titanium alloy reaming is that the reaming is not perfect. The following measures can be taken: use oilstone to narrow the width of the reamer blade to prevent the blade from sticking to the hole wall, but ensure sufficient strength. Generally, the blade width is 0.1 ~0.15mm is better.

The transition between the cutting edge and the calibration part should be a smooth arc, and it should be sharpened in time after wear, and the size of the arc of each tooth should be the same; if necessary, the inverted taper of the calibration part can be enlarged; reaming twice. The rough reaming allowance is 0.1mm, and the fine reaming allowance is generally less than 0.05mm; the spindle speed is 60r/min; when the reaming is completed, the hand reaming cannot be reversed and exiting, and the reaming machine should exit the reamer without stopping.

6, tapping

It is very difficult to tap titanium alloy products, especially small holes below M6mm. Mainly because the chip is small, it is easy to bond with the blade and the workpiece, resulting in a large surface roughness value and a large torque. When tapping, improper selection and improper operation of taps can easily cause work hardening, extremely low processing efficiency and sometimes tap breaks. The solution is as follows:

It is preferred to use a jump-tooth tap with a wire in place, and the number of teeth should be less than that of a standard tap, generally 2 to 3 teeth. The cutting taper angle should be large, and the taper part is generally 3 to 4 thread lengths. In order to facilitate chip removal, a negative inclination angle can also be ground on the cutting cone. Try to choose short taps to increase the rigidity of the taps. The inverted taper part of the tap should be appropriately enlarged compared to the standard to reduce the friction between the tap and the workpiece.

When processing the threaded bottom hole, first rough drill and then use the reaming drill to ream the hole to reduce the work hardening of the bottom hole. For threads with a pitch of 0.7～1.5mm, the size of the bottom hole can be machined to the upper difference of the standard thread bottom hole specified in the national standard and it is allowed to increase by 0.1mm.

If it is not limited by the position of the screw hole and the shape of the workpiece, try to use machine tapping to avoid work hardening caused by uneven feed and stoppage in the manual tapping.
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Titanium plate and titanium alloy are widely used in various ships

The research and application of marine titanium alloys in China began in the 1960s. After more than 50 years of hard work, the research and application level of marine titanium has been greatly improved, and a relatively complete series of marine titanium alloys has been formed, which can meet the requirements of surface ships and water The requirements of different strength levels for submarines and deep submersibles. In my country's marine titanium alloy system, the strength span is relatively large, with a yield strength of 320-1150MPa. Generally speaking, my country divides titanium alloys into low-strength titanium alloys (yield strength below 490MPa), medium-strength titanium alloys (yield strength 500~790MPa), and high-strength titanium alloys (yield strength greater than 800MPa) according to the yield strength grade. Low-strength and medium-strength titanium alloys are mostly α-type and near-α-type low-alloyed titanium alloys, which have good plasticity, easy forming and excellent welding performance. High-strength titanium alloys are generally α ten β-type and metastable (near) β-type titanium alloys, which have high strength and good fracture toughness, but relatively low and medium-strength titanium alloys have low plasticity, cold forming and welding process performance Poor.
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Smelting and casting process of titanium and titanium alloy

The frequency range of sound waves that people’s ears can directly receive is usually 20 Hz to 20 kHz, that is, sound (sound) frequency. The frequency lower than 20 Hz is called infrasound, and the frequency higher than 20 kHz is called ultrasonic. Several megahertz ultrasonics are commonly used in industry to detect flaws. Ultrasonic frequency is high, the propagation is strong, it is easy to propagate in the solid, and it is easy to reflect when it encounters the interface formed by two different media, so that it can be used for flaw detection. Usually the ultrasonic probe is in good contact with the surface of the workpiece to be inspected, the probe can effectively transmit ultrasonic waves to the workpiece, and can receive the ultrasonic waves reflected from the (defect) interface, and at the same time convert it into an electrical signal, and then transmit it to the instrument for processing.

According to the speed of ultrasonic propagation in the medium (often called the speed of sound) and the time of propagation, the location of the defect can be known. When the defect is larger, the reflecting surface is larger, and the reflected energy is also greater. Therefore, the size of each defect (equivalent) can be found based on the reflected energy. Commonly used flaw detection waveforms include longitudinal wave, transverse wave, surface wave, etc. The former two are suitable for detecting internal defects, and the latter is suitable for detecting surface defects, but requires high surface conditions.
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Titanium seamless pipe rolling method and precautions

Industrial titanium screws can be welded by contact welding without special preparation. When there is a relatively thick oxide film, it needs to be cleaned mechanically or removed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution.

The arc welding of titanium screws is carried out in clean gas, and direct current can be used to achieve better results. At this time, the tungsten electrode is the cathode.

 The direct welding of titanium screws with nickel, Bromo-chromium alloys, and other nickel-containing alloys is not suitable because of the formation of harmful fusible eutectics. Between materials of different properties, molybdenum, tantalum, or niobium spacers with a thickness of fifteen to twenty microns are required. This method can eliminate the contamination of the connection area by other elements because the dissolution process does not require the use of special solder and does not require pre-metallization. It can obtain a high-quality vacuum dense connection, this method is the most promising for titanium screws.
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Structural changes of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods during hot extrusion

Google launched the Titanium version of Google Glasses (Glass Titanium Collection). The frame of the glasses is made of titanium, which is strong and light. At present, the titanium alloy version of the glasses provides 4 different designs and different colors of frames.

Titanium is stronger and lighter than stainless steel and has better corrosion resistance. It can be described as an attractive metal. But generally speaking, titanium is too expensive for the mass consumer market, so it is more used in high-end or high-performance market areas, such as aerospace, navigation, and sports competitions.

Due to the inertness and durability of titanium, brand-name jewellery made of titanium (especially titanium rings) has become popular and has become an ideal material for watch casings.

In addition, some items that can be sold in high-priced markets are lightweight and corrosion-resistant and are also made of titanium alloys, such as shovel, flashlight, fork, and spoon used in the field.

Titanium processing, cutting, welding, electroplating, etc. all have high requirements on the production process. In particular, the temperature rises quickly during cutting, and it is easy to sinter on the cutting tool. For this reason, titanium generally gives the impression that it is very difficult to process, and many people think it is a material that cannot be freely designed.

Due to its affinity for the human body and its resistance to rust, titanium is highly anticipated in the medical field and wearable terminal field. So, what are the charms of this material in terms of creativity?

Titanium has a unique hue that is rougher than aluminum and brighter than stainless steel.

application

To make such a matte surface requires a special process called "sandblasting". However, other materials are prone to rust or trachoma on the surface after applying this process. Therefore, only extremely corrosion-resistant titanium can achieve such a texture.

In the field of consumer electronics, there are very few applications of titanium. In 2001, Apple used titanium to make laptop casings. But because of the cost, Apple no longer uses titanium in its later products.
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New method and equipment for smelting and casting of titanium and titanium alloy

When the hydrogen content in titanium pipe fittings is too high, the impact toughness and notched tensile strength will be reduced due to brittleness. Therefore, it is generally stipulated that the hydrogen content in titanium pipe fittings should not be higher than 0.015%. In order to reduce hydrogen absorption, fingerprints, wear marks, grease and other residues should be cleaned up before heat treatment. There is no steam in the heat treatment furnace. When the hydrogen content of titanium pipe fittings is higher than the allowable value, vacuum annealing is required.

When the temperature is not higher than 540 degrees, the oxide film of titanium pipe fittings will not become much thicker, but at higher heat treatment temperatures, the oxidation rate will increase, and the internal diffusion layer of the oxide material will become a layer of pollution. The oxygen contamination layer has a high brittleness ratio, which leads to cracks and damage on the surface of the part. Deoxidation pollution layer includes mechanical processing, pickling, chemical polishing and other methods. During the heat treatment, under the premise of protecting the heat treatment, shorten the heating time as much as possible. It can also be carried out in a vacuum furnace or an inert gas furnace. The pollution caused by the heating of titanium pipe fittings in the air furnace should be avoided or reduced.

Features of titanium pipe fittings:

1. Corrosion resistance of titanium pipe fittings. Titanium is a very active metal, which has a very low equilibrium potential and a strong tendency for thermodynamic corrosion in the medium. Titanium has good stability and corrosion resistance in various media such as oxidation, neutrality, and weak reduction.

2. Titanium pipe fittings have good heat resistance. It can be used for a long time at 600 degrees or high temperature.

3. Non-magnetic, non-toxic, titanium alloy pipe fittings are non-magnetic metals that will not be magnetized in a large magnetic field.

4. Low modulus of elasticity, 57% steel.

5. Inhalation performance. Titanium pipe fittings are an active metal, which can react with a variety of elements and compounds at high temperatures.
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Explosive welding forming and interface microscopic analysis of titanium tube-titanium tube sheet

 For many processing workshops, processing high-strength titanium alloy workpieces is as difficult as climbing a slope. In order to solve this problem, machine tool manufacturers have increased the rigidity of milling machines and lathes, improved the damping performance of the spindle and the size of the machine frame, and improved the performance of the motor; these measures are to be able to provide the required large cutting force while reducing Harmful machine tool vibration to avoid reducing the quality of the workpiece and shortening the service life of the tool. In titanium processing, in order to optimize the tool system and obtain the largest metal removal rate, special attention needs to be paid to the performance of the machine tool that provides cutting force output, the characteristics of the contact part of the cutting edge of the cutting tool and the workpiece, and the connection between the machine tool and the tool Location-spindle coupling device.

If you can use the analogy principle of a variable-speed bicycle when purchasing large-scale special material processing equipment, you can achieve better results. People buy variable-speed bicycles for entertainment or exercise, but when riding, they always use the two or three shifting gears that feel the most comfortable. Tour de France athletes and other well-trained athletes not only pay attention to the various components of the car, but also use the advantages of each component (frame, pedals, transmission, wheels, etc.) to obtain the car whether it is climbing, Or the maximum power output when riding on flat ground.

The main design criteria of the machine tool HPX63 include a large cutting capacity, with a maximum machining diameter of 1050 mm and a workpiece height (Y-axis) of up to 1050 mm. The X-axis travel is 1000 mm, the Z-axis travel is 900 mm, and the pallet size is 630 mm. The speed of the B-axis turntable can reach 12rpm, with high torque and fast acceleration performance. The moving speed is fast, up to 32 m/min, the acceleration/deceleration is 0.5G, and the cutting feed rate is 12 m/min. The machine tool is specially designed for precision machining. The metallurgical process used makes the castings with the greatest rigidity. The axial slide of the spindle box is quenched, ground, and manually scraped. The positioning accuracy and repeat positioning accuracy are 0.001 mm. The spindle device of Mitsui Machine Tool can automatically compensate for temperature changes without requiring warm-up time. This company provides a variety of spindle options to meet the needs of users to choose the direct drive and gear drive, as well as the needs of different torques and speeds.

All in all, the HPX-63 machine tool has good robustness, rigidity, and accuracy. It is very suitable for the processing of titanium, Inconel, tool steel, stainless steel, and aluminum materials. It is suitable for the aerospace industry, energy industry, compressor, Molds, fixtures and tooling equipment, automobile prototype parts manufacturing, and general high-precision machining. In order to optimize the tool system, the spindle coupling device is required to maximize the transmission of machine tool power. Most of the tool products on the market are integral tools, and the spindle clamping force is relatively low. The rigidity of the coupling device is very limited, and the radial fit needs to be kept to a minimum specified value. In order to obtain stable end-face contact performance, a very tight tolerance level is required, so the processing cost is greatly increased.
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What is the magnetic properties of the titanium tube? what is the purpose?

In titanium alloy plates and titanium plates, the recrystallization process is often accompanied by some other structural changes. For example, in near-a alloys and a+β alloys where the content of β-stabilizing elements is small, the dissolution of phase a and the change of β composition are accompanied by the dissolution of phase a; Or cause the inoculation effect on the subsequent aging. In addition, different types of alloys have different microstructures at room temperature, different alloy phases involved in deformation, and different recrystallization processes and characteristics.

In addition to the recovery and recrystallization process of the cold-worked structure of the titanium alloy plate and the titanium plate when heated, there are also compound solutions and a → β polymorphic transformation. In order to improve the performance of titanium alloys and titanium plates, in addition to necessary alloying, appropriate heat treatment is generally required. The recovery process of titanium alloy and titanium plate is also a process in which most of the second type of internal stress generated during deformation is eliminated through the movement of vacancies and dislocations at a certain temperature. The temperature at which the recovery process occurs is lower than the recrystallization temperature, generally 500 to 650°C. .

The influence of alloying elements on the recrystallization temperature of pure titanium has been described in the previous section. In addition to niobium and cobalt, commonly used alloying elements and impurity elements can increase the recrystallization temperature of titanium. The measurement of recrystallization mainly adopts the method of combining metallographic observation and X-ray diffraction. When recrystallization occurs, fine equiaxed grains appear on the deformed fibrous structure, and at the same time, the diffraction rings on the X-ray back-reflected Laue diagram begin to become unconnected spots. For heat-treatable β alloys, incomplete aging (500°C/4-8 hours, air cooling) can also be used to show the recrystallized structure, and the unrecrystallized grains after incomplete aging will appear dark after corrosion. It has been measured that the starting recrystallization temperature of TA2 pure titanium is about 550°C, TA7 titanium alloy is about 600°C, TC4 titanium alloy is about 700°C, and TB2 alloy is 750°C.

Like other metals, the recrystallization process of titanium alloy plates and titanium plates is also a process of nucleation and growth of crystal grains on the deformed structure. At this time, the lattice type does not change, but there is a change in mechanical properties. This process is affected by the degree of cold deformation, heating temperature and holding time, and can be recrystallized through three-dimensional recrystallization of cold deformation rate, heating temperature and recrystallized grain size.
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What is the corrosion resistance of titanium? What is the performance in common media?

The density of titanium is 4.5g/cm³, which is 57% of that of steel; titanium is less than twice as heavier as aluminum and three times stronger than aluminum. The specific strength is the ratio of strength to density. When compared with different materials, the specific strength of titanium alloys is almost the largest among the commonly used industrial alloys. The specific strength of titanium alloy is 3.5 times that of stainless steel, 1.3 times that of aluminum alloy, and 1.7 times that of magnesium alloy, so it is an indispensable structural material in the aerospace industry.
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Analysis of Common Faults in Surface Quality of Titanium Alloy Products

In the application of various titanium alloy products, forgings are mostly used in gas turbine compressor discs and medical artificial bones that require high strength, high toughness, and high reliability. Therefore, not only high dimensional accuracy is required for forgings, but also materials with excellent characteristics and high stability are required. For this reason, it is necessary to give full play to the characteristics of titanium alloys in the manufacturing process of titanium forgings to obtain high-quality forgings. Titanium alloy is difficult to forge and is prone to cracks. Therefore, the most important thing in the production of titanium alloy forgings is to properly control the forging temperature and plastic deformation.

Application fields of titanium alloy forgings

1) Aerospace field

50% of the world's titanium materials are used in the aerospace field. 30% of the body of military aircraft uses titanium alloy, and the amount of titanium in civil aircraft is gradually increasing. According to reports, the amount of titanium used by Boeing 787 aircraft has reached more than 15%. The representative of titanium alloy for body is Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which has the highest reliability. The near β-type high-strength and high-toughness titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has been used in the landing gear components of Boeing 777 aircraft, and the A380 has been discussing the use of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy large forgings as the transmission device of the main landing gear.

If it can be practical, this will be the largest titanium forging with a length of 7m. In aircraft engines, titanium alloy is also an indispensable material, mainly used for fan and compressor parts whose temperature is below 853K. Typical parts used are fan blades, casings, discs, compressor blades, discs, stub shafts, casings, etc. In the aerospace field, titanium alloy forgings are used in the fuel tanks of rocket and satellite propulsion engines, the shells of attitude control engines, the blades of liquid fuel turbo pumps and the inlet section of suction pumps. Most of these parts use low-interstitial element type Ti-5Al-2.5SnELI alloy with excellent low temperature toughness.

2) Turbine blades for power generation

Increasing the length of the blades of the steam turbine for thermal power generation is an effective measure to improve the power generation efficiency, but the lengthening of the blades will increase the load of the rotor. The use of titanium alloy forgings as blades can reduce the load, and the use of 1m long Ti-6Al-4V alloy blades in the final section of a high-speed rotating steam turbine has been put into practical use in 1991.
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What are the characteristics of titanium rods?

We all know that the target material is the target material bombarded by high-speed energetic particles. Sputtering targets are mainly used in the electronics and information industries, such as integrated circuits, information storage, liquid crystal displays, laser storage, electronic control devices, etc.; it can also be used in the field of glass coating; it can also be used in wear-resistant materials, high temperature and corrosion resistance , High-end decorative products and other industries.

There are many types of target materials, including metals, alloys, oxides, etc., which are used in different industries and are widely used. So what are the common metal targets? Are sputtering targets lacking resources? Let's take a look together.

The types of common metal targets are as follows:

Conventional metal targets: Magnesium Mg, Manganese Mn, Iron Fe, Cobalt CO, Nickel Ni, Copper Cu, Zinc Zn, Lead Pd, Tin Sn, Aluminum AL

Small metal targets Indium In, Germanium Ge, Gallium Ga, Antimony Sb, Bismuth Bi, Cadmium Cd

Refractory metal targets Ti Ti, Zirconium Zr, Hafnium Hf, Vanadium V Niobium Nb, Tantalum Ta, Ming Cr, Molybdenum Mo, Tungsten W, Rhenium Re

Noble metal targets: Gold Au, silver Ag, palladium Pd, platinum Pt, iridium lr, ruthenium Ru, rhodium Rh, osmium Os

Semi-metal target carbon C, boron B, tellurium Te, selenium Se

Whether the sputtering target is a scarce resource

Rare metals usually refer to metals that are less in content or sparsely distributed in nature. They are difficult to extract from raw materials, and they are relatively late in industrial preparation and application. But it has a wide range of uses in modern industry. China is rich in rare metal resources. The proven reserves of tungsten, titanium, rare earths, vanadium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, lithium, and beryllium are among the highest in the world. China is gradually establishing a rare metal industrial system.

Rare light metals include lithium Li, rubidium Rb, cesium Cs, and beryllium Be. The specific gravity is small and the chemical activity is strong.

Rare refractory metals include titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten. The melting point is higher, and the melting point of the compounds formed with carbon, nitrogen, silicon, boron, etc. is also higher.

Rare scattered metals are abbreviated as rare scattered metals, including gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, rhenium, selenium and tellurium. Most of it occurs in minerals of other elements.

Rare rare earth metals are abbreviated as rare earth metals, including scandium, yttrium and lanthanides. Their chemical properties are very similar and are associated with each other in minerals.

Rare radioactive metals include naturally occurring francium, radium, polonium and actinium, thorium, protactinium, and uranium in actinide series metals, as well as artificially manufactured technetium, promethium, actinium series other elements and elements 104 to 107.

The above classification is not very strict. Some rare metals can be included in this category or in another category. For example, rhenium can be included in the rare metals can also be included in the rare refractory metals.

However, it is not difficult to see from the above description that the metal components of sputtering targets for some special applications are indeed scarce resources.
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In addition to high strength and good corrosion resistance, Gr5 titanium alloy has other characteristics.

In the chemical industry and other application fields, high requirements are placed on semi-finished products and processed parts of titanium or titanium alloys. Therefore, in the fields of aviation and aerospace, the cost of developing inspection instruments and monitoring devices is particularly high. The price of the parts has a big impact. Titanium alloy has the highest tensile plasticity and can be welded in various ways. It can be used for a long time at a temperature of up to 250 degrees Celsius. It is mainly used to manufacture various structural parts of aircraft and engines that are not stressed. Industrial pure titanium has good plasticity, can form various sheet metal stamping parts in a cold state, and has relatively high corrosion resistance. Ti5Al2.5Sn titanium alloy has a moderate room temperature tensile strength (800 degrees Celsius 1000MPa and good welding performance. Compared with industrial pure titanium, the new titanium alloy mainly includes various grades of industrial pure titanium and widely used Ti5Al2.5Sn For titanium alloys, the room temperature tensile strength of industrial pure titanium fluctuates in the range of 350 degrees Celsius and 700 MPa. Ti5Al2.5Sn alloy has slightly lower plasticity and higher thermal strength, and the long-term working temperature can be as high as 450 degrees Celsius.

With the rapid development of cutting-edge science and technology such as aviation, aerospace, nuclear energy, etc., the requirements for materials are becoming more and more stringent. Not only are the materials used for manufacturing these equipment parts to be corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant, and anti-fretting, but also require high-end resistance. temperature. It is necessary to pay attention to the long-term test, in many places, before the large-scale application of titanium to the chemical industry. Under the test conditions, cooperate to test its service life and material structure. If the lack of safety (immaturity) due to the use of conventional structural data is mostly indicated and the economic benefits are not great, then the first step is to gradually develop titanium and titanium alloys, as well as the development of high-level technology in the field of structural data in recent decades. Various other mature new materials. Therefore, the military sector has developed faster in the application field of titanium and its alloys than in the civilian field.

In many industrial media, rare earth metals and precious metals are often mainly used for stability, or materials such as stainless steel can only reach a certain limit in corrosion resistance. Most application fields use titanium to obtain benefits due to its low density, corrosion resistance, and high strength. So far. Moreover, the consumption cost is relatively high, so the application of titanium or titanium alloy can obtain relatively high corrosion resistance. The creep characteristics of hard titanium at temperatures exceeding 150T surpass that of aluminum and its alloys. Considering that compared with other materials, titanium alloys have the advantages of unique creep characteristics under low-density conditions. It is found that hard titanium is used in aircraft manufacturing and missile manufacturing. The importance of application. The earliest application of titanium and titanium alloys is the aviation industry. Recently, the aviation industry has become increasingly urgent for high-strength and low-density materials, which greatly promotes the development of titanium manufacturing.
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What are the advantages of titanium alloy board compared with other material sheets?

Titanium alloys are widely used because of their series of excellent properties. However, titanium alloys have high friction coefficients, are very sensitive to adhesive wear and fretting wear, have poor wear resistance, are easy to catch fire at high temperature and high-speed friction, and have relatively poor resistance to high-temperature oxidation. The shortcomings seriously affect the safety and reliability of its structure and greatly limit its application. Therefore, improving the surface properties of titanium alloys such as wear resistance, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. In addition to improving the alloy composition and preparation process, surface modification of titanium alloys is currently the most effective method.

In recent years, electron beam surface treatment technology has developed rapidly. When the electron beam with high energy density acts on the surface of the material, the surface of the material has physical, chemical, or mechanical properties that are difficult to achieve by conventional methods, and the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the material surface is significantly improved. And high-temperature oxidation resistance. A domestic engineering technology company used pulsed high-current low-energy electron beams for surface treatment of titanium alloys and achieved good results.

The material used in the experiment is TA15 titanium alloy (Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V). After the surface of the sample is polished, the surface is modified with a high-current pulsed electron beam. The electron beam acceleration voltage is 27kV, the target distance is 80mm, and the pulse The number of times is 10, and the pulse interval is 45s.

The hardness test of the obtained sample shows that as the depth increases, the hardness value first decreases and then increases, and finally tends to a fixed value. This special oscillating curve distribution can be explained as: under the pulsed high-energy rapid irradiation, a heating shock wave will sprout in the energy absorbing layer of the material, and it will be reflected back when it encounters the interface. Multiple irradiations cause interference and superposition of stress waves with each other, presenting a complex stress distribution state, and causing a special distribution of cross-section microhardness.

The wear volume of the sample after electron beam treatment is 3 times higher than that of the original sample, indicating that the wear resistance of TA15 titanium alloy after electron beam treatment is improved. The reasons may be the following three aspects:

(1) The high energy of the electron beam is instantly deposited in a small area of ​​the subsurface layer of the material, so that the material quickly rises to the phase transition temperature or the melting temperature, and then the heat conduction of the matrix achieves ultra-high-speed cooling (about 109K/s) to make the material surface The quenching effect occurs, which plays a role of solid solution strengthening, so the wear resistance of the surface is improved;

(2) The electron beam rapid solidification process will refine the grains of the surface layer of the material, thereby improving the wear resistance of the material;

(3) When the electron beam pulse acts on the surface of the material, the temperature begins to rise rapidly. As the rapid outward thermal expansion of the material surface is constrained, an inwardly propagating compressive thermal stress wave is generated. The residual stress forms a compressive stress distribution, which is beneficial to improve wear resistance.
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