Application of titanium and titanium alloys in dental technology

Pure titanium is a silver-white metal with silver-grey luster. It can be used as a deoxidizer in steelmaking and a component of stainless steel and alloy steel. Titanium powder can be used as a raw material for pigments and paints. It can also be used as electrodes and condensers in power stations and environmental pollution control devices. But the intensity is low. The strength of the titanium alloy is very high. For example, the strength of commonly used titanium alloy Ti-6AI-4V has reached the level of general high-strength steel. Titanium alloy has higher heat resistance, toughness and fracture toughness at low temperature than its titanium material, so it can be used as many industrial parts, such as aircraft engine parts, as part of the original parts of rockets and missiles. In the petroleum industry, it is mainly used as various containers and reactors. Titanium-nickel shape memory alloys have been widely used in instruments. Titanium nitride is close to gold in color and can be used as a decorative material. Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in the aviation industry and are known as "space metals"; in addition, they are increasingly widely used in the shipbuilding industry, chemical industry, manufacturing mechanical parts, telecommunications equipment, and cemented carbide. In addition, because titanium alloys have good compatibility with the human body, titanium alloys can also be used as artificial bones, dentures, porcelain teeth and medical appliances for fixing various bad bones. Titanium alloy has excellent properties such as light specific gravity, strong corrosion-resistance, strong high-temperature resistance and good weldability, and its application in the dental field is becoming more and more extensive.

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as dental implants because of their good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The neck of the implant is made of titanium and titanium alloy with a smooth surface to facilitate the wrapping of fibrous tissue, forming a good epithelial cuff area and preventing the accumulation of plaque. The porous structure of the implant body increases the surface area of ​​the implant, provides conditions for the attachment and growth of bone tissue, and facilitates the retention of the implant. The cell test results of the ZnHA/TiO2 biological coating prepared in the experiment show that osteoblasts adhere well to the ZnHA/TiO2 coating, the cell proliferation ability is enhanced on the surface of the material, and the better cell attachment inhibits to a certain extent The attachment of bacteria on the surface of the implant.
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Factors of TC4 alloy rod die forging and material extrusion

1: Reasons for cracks in titanium rod extrusion

 Titanium rods and titanium alloy rod blanks have low thermal conductivity, which will cause a great temperature difference between the surface layer and the inner layer during hot extrusion. When the temperature of the extrusion cylinder is 400 degrees, the temperature difference can reach 200 to 250 degrees. Under the combined influence of suction strengthening and the large temperature difference of the blank section, the metal on the surface and the center of the blank produces very different strength and plastic properties, which will cause very uneven deformation during the extrusion process. Large additional tensile stress is generated in the extruded product, which becomes the source of cracks and cracks on the surface of the extruded product.

It can be divided into:

1) Extrusion method. Reverse extrusion is more uniform than forward extrusion, cold extrusion is more uniform than hot extrusion, and lubricated extrusion is more uniform than non-lubricated extrusion. The influence of the extrusion method is realized by changing the friction conditions.

2) Extrusion speed. As the extrusion speed increases, the unevenness of metal flow increases.

3) Extrusion temperature. When the extrusion temperature increases and the deformation resistance of the blank decreases, the uneven flow of the metal increases. During the extrusion process, if the heating temperature of the extrusion cylinder and the mold is too low, and the metal temperature difference between the outer layer and the center layer is large, the unevenness of the metal flow will increase. The better the thermal conductivity of the metal, the more uniform the temperature distribution on the end surface of the ingot.

4) Metal strength. When other conditions are the same, the higher the metal strength, the more uniform the metal flow.

5) Die angle. The larger the mold angle (that is, the angle between the end face of the mold and the central axis), the more uneven the metal fluidity. When a porous die is used for extrusion, the die hole arrangement is reasonable, and the metal flow tends to be uniform.

6) Degree of deformation. The degree of deformation is too large or too small, and the metal flows unevenly.

Solution:

1: When forging with a press under the same unit pressure as forging with a forging hammer. The heating temperature of the blank can be reduced by 50100℃. In this way, the interaction between the heated metal and the periodic gas and the temperature difference between the blank and the mold are correspondingly reduced, thereby improving the uniformity of deformation, the uniformity of the structure of the die forging is also greatly improved, and the consistency of mechanical properties is also improved. .

2: Increase the forging angle and fillet radius and use lubricant: The height of the burr bridge on the forging die is larger than that of steel, and the deformation of the titanium rod is characterized by more difficult to flow into the deep and narrow die groove than steel.

3: Reduce the deformation speed, the area shrinkage rate with the most obvious numerical increase, and the area shrinkage rate is the most sensitive to the structural defects caused by overheating.
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Use of corrosion inhibitor for titanium alloy plate

In reducing inorganic acid and some organic acids, the corrosion rate of titanium alloy plate is relatively fast because it cannot maintain the passive oxide film. Adding corrosion inhibitor is an effective measure to reduce corrosion. Candle inhibitors include precious metal ions, heavy metal ions, oxidizing inorganic foods, oxidizing organic compounds, complex organic corrosion inhibitors, etc. The price of precious metal ions is very high, and they are rarely used as corrosion inhibitors for reducing organic acids; to metal ions, copper ions and iron ions have very obvious corrosion inhibitors, but they need to reach a critical concentration before they can work; Oxidizing inorganic compounds include nitric acid, chlorine, potassium chlorate, potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, etc.; oxidizing organic compounds include nitro or nitroso compounds, nitrogen compounds, etc.; complex organic retarders Corrosion agents are different from oxidizing organic compounds. They can inhibit corrosion at any concentration. There is no concept of critical concentration, but the effect is different.

The surface treatment is an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of titanium alloy plates. Surface treatment methods include cathodic oxidation, thermal oxidation, nitriding and coating techniques. Anodizing, thermal oxidation and the influence of the Xu layer on the crevice corrosion time of the titanium alloy plate. The data shows that the effect of the coating on the corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy plate is the most obvious, even better than the corrosion resistance of Ti—0.15Pd.

The anodic oxidation of titanium alloy plate is usually carried out in 5%-10%(NH4)2sO solution and 25V direct current voltage is applied. The thickness of the anodic oxide film can reach 300-500nm. Anodizing treatment can effectively remove iron contamination on the surface, effectively prolong the passivation time of the titanium alloy plate, and prevent hydrogen absorption caused by ortho iron contamination. Therefore, foreign regulations require that all titanium equipment must be anodized. In order to improve the effect of anodizing, the anodizing solution uses sodium platinum to replace ammonium sulfate, so that the corrosion resistance is better.

The titanium alloy plate can be oxidized into a rutile-type thermal oxidation strand with a thicker and higher crystallinity than the anodized film in the air, and its corrosion resistance is better than that of the anodized film. The thermally oxidized strands of the titanium alloy plate are made at a temperature of 600-700°C and a time of 10-30 minutes. If the temperature is too high or the time is too long, the effect is not good.

Among the coating layers of the titanium alloy plate, the coating removal effect is the best. The coating containing palladium is usually an oxidation coating or a lead alloy coating. The typical preparation method of palladium oxide coating PdO-T102 is to apply PdCL4 and TiCL3 solution to the surface of the titanium alloy plate and heat it at 500-600℃ for 10-50 min. Repeat the operation several times to make the coating thickness reach 1g /M2 or more. The riveting alloying layer is first deposited by electroplating or vacuum deposition of a very thin layer, and surface alloying treatment techniques such as laser remelting surface or ion implantation are carried out, and its adhesion and corrosion resistance is better than that of the oxide coating.

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The application status of titanium alloy in golf clubs

Golf is largely affected by the materials of the golf equipment. Therefore, different clubs are required to be used in different places and situations on the golf course. The clubs are also designed into a variety of shapes of different lengths, which can be roughly divided into three categories. : Wood, iron and putter.

1. Titanium alloy wood club head

Wood rods are used for opening and long-distance shots. In order to make the ball hit more straight and farther, the weight of the wood head needs to be maintained at 200g, and the volume should be increased as much as possible to increase the ball and wood head. Contact area.

Titanium alloy has low density, high strength and good corrosion resistance. Under the same weight, the hollow ball head made of titanium alloy is 2-3 times larger than the stainless steel ball head, and the mass can be evenly distributed around the ball head, so that the player can hit the ball farther and straighter.

2. Titanium alloy iron head

Irons are mainly used for mid-range and precise shots, which require higher accuracy. When the ball is in contact with the striking surface, the striking surface must provide enough friction to increase the spin rate after the ball is hit. In this way, the rolling of the ball can be better controlled when hitting the ball, making the hitting more accurate.

Some companies add a titanium-diamond composite to the club’s striking surface to increase the coefficient of friction through diamond particles on and near the surface of the striking surface. But this will make the ball head overweight by nearly 30g, otherwise, the ball head will become smaller and even difficult to hit the ball. The iron head using titanium alloy as the body can be embedded with diamond composite on the same volume of the striking surface, while the quality remains unchanged.

3. Titanium alloy putter head

Putting is used to hit the ball into the hole on the green [i]. The titanium-tungsten putter series launched by a company uses titanium alloy in the middle body of the ball head, with counterweight tungsten at both ends [ii]. After the tungsten block is inlaid with the body, it can be made to reach Dense combination.

The density of titanium alloy is generally 4.51g/cm, and the density of weight tungsten is about 19g/cm so that 70% of the mass of the ball head is concentrated at the two ends. This design can increase the rotational inertia of the ball hitting surface by about 50%. The higher the rotational inertia, the putter head can prevent the twisting caused by not hitting the center of the ball head. This putter has more obvious advantages on the green than the traditional putter.

market expectation

With the rapid growth of China's economy and the rapid improvement of people's living standards, golf has been favored by the majority of sports enthusiasts. Especially for middle and high-level consumer groups, golf is also a way of business social interaction in addition to physical fitness. China will become another consumer market with huge potential besides the United States and Japan.

Titanium alloys have entered the golf equipment industry for more than 20 years, and various titanium materials have been used in golf heads in a comprehensive manner. But the price of titanium alloy ball heads is higher, almost three times that of stainless steel ball heads, so the ball head market is still dominated by stainless steel. How to improve titanium alloy casting technology and reduce costs will become the main research direction of golf head manufacturers in the future.

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Application function of titanium plate and titanium alloy plate in the petrochemical industry

Titanium alloy plates and titanium plates are mainly used to manufacture various containers, reactors, heat exchangers, distillation towers, pipes, pumps and valves in the petrochemical machinery manufacturing industry. Titanium can be used as a titanium cathode and condenser in power stations, as well as environmental pollution control devices. The hardness of steel is higher than that of titanium plate, but the specific strength or tensile strength of titanium alloy is higher than that of high-quality steel. Titanium alloy has good heat resistance, low-temperature toughness and fracture toughness, so it is mostly used as aircraft engine parts and rocket and missile structural parts. Titanium alloy can also be used as fuel and oxidant storage tanks and high-pressure vessels. Now there are automatic rifles, mortar seat plates and recoilless gun launch tubes made of titanium alloy.

1. Memory function

Titanium-nickel alloy has one-way, two-way and omnidirectional memory effects at a certain ambient temperature, and is recognized as the best memory titanium alloy. Pipe joints used in engineering for the hydraulic system of fighter jets; oil pipeline systems for oil complexes; 500mm diameter parabolic mesh antennas made of 0.5mm diameter wires for aerospace vehicles; used in medical engineering for snoring Treatment; Titanium plates are made into screws for fracture healing. The above applications have achieved obvious results.

2. Superconducting function

The niobium-titanium plate exhibits a zero-resistance superconducting function when the temperature is lower than the critical temperature.

3. Hydrogen storage function

Titanium-iron alloy has the characteristic of absorbing hydrogen, which can store a large amount of hydrogen safely, and release the hydrogen in a certain environment. This is very promising in hydrogen separation, hydrogen purification, hydrogen storage and transportation, and the manufacture of heat pumps and batteries that use hydrogen as energy.

Titanium dioxide, the oxide of the titanium plate, is a white powder and a better white pigment, commonly known as titanium white. In the past, the main purpose of mining titanium ore was to obtain titanium dioxide. Titanium white has strong adhesion, is not easy to undergo chemical changes, and is always white. Especially valuable is that titanium dioxide is non-toxic. It has a high melting point and is used to make refractory glass, glaze, enamel, clay, high-temperature resistant laboratory utensils, etc.

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Analysis of heat transfer performance and market prospect of TC4 seamless titanium tube

TC4 titanium alloy is currently one of the most widely used titanium alloys. It has high strength and good corrosion resistance. However, it is difficult to see seamless titanium tubes made of TC4 in the seamless titanium tube market at home and abroad. The titanium tube is thinner than other traditional metal pipe fittings, and the heat exchange effect is better. The TC4 pipes on the market are mainly high-strength thick-walled pipes produced by hot extrusion or oblique perforation.

In order to solve the key technology of TC4 seamless tube cold-rolling forming, a series of researches were carried out jointly by schools and enterprises. For example, the direct cold-rolling forming process is used to produce high-strength titanium alloy tubes, which not only greatly reduces the production cost but also meets the requirements for high-performance titanium alloy applications.

The billeting method with different deformations is adopted, and the tube blank is rolled into a tube with a total deformation of 70% after two passes and three passes, respectively. Carry out 800℃×1h vacuum annealing between passes. The cooling method is furnace cooling to 500℃ and then air cooling to room temperature to observe the changes in structure and properties. Concluded: 

In the case of small deformation billeting, the wall thickness deviation is small, and the surface roughness is gradually reduced; for large deformation billeting, the wall thickness deviation is large, which will affect the wall thickness deviation of the pipes obtained by subsequent passes. In the case of the same total deformation, the more rolling passes, the greater the elongation and hardness of the pipe, and the higher the strength.

In summary, the small deformation billet has little effect on the anisotropy of the pipe; the anisotropy of the mechanical properties in multi-pass rolling has certain fluctuations, and the material flow is strip-shaped when rolling with large deformation. When rolling with small deformation, the material flow is in a bundle shape. Under the condition of the same heat treatment conditions between passes and subsequent rolling processes, the structural distortion of the pipe obtained from the large deformation billet is more serious.

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Titanium parts used in automobiles

The use of titanium in automobiles is mainly divided into two categories. The first category is to reduce the mass of internal combustion engine reciprocating parts (for internal combustion engine parts that reciprocate, even reducing the mass of a few grams is important); the second category It is used to reduce the total mass of the car. According to the design and material characteristics, titanium is mainly distributed in engine components and chassis parts in new-generation cars. In the engine system, titanium can be used to make parts such as valves, valve springs, valve spring holders and connecting rods; in the chassis parts are mainly springs, exhaust systems, half shafts and fasteners.

According to the information, in addition to the above mentioned key points, there are rocker arms, suspension springs, piston pins, turbocharger rotors, fasteners, lug nuts, car stop brackets, door projection beams, brakes Caliper piston, pin, clutch disc, pressure plate, shift button, etc.

Ways to reduce the cost of titanium alloys

Although titanium and titanium alloys entered the field of automobile manufacturing as early as the 1950s, the development was relatively slow. The main reason was the price factors. A lot of work. To meet the needs of the automotive industry.

Titanium has a high melting point and very active chemical properties. It has a strong chemical affinity with elements such as O, H, N, and C, which makes it difficult to extract pure titanium. The Kroll magnesium reduction method commonly used in industry produces sponge titanium.

With the advancement of titanium smelting technology, it is an effective method to reduce the cost of raw materials to add the leftovers and scraps generated during the production and processing of titanium as furnace charge after a series of treatments to achieve recycling. The practice has shown that every 1% of residual titanium used can reduce the production cost of titanium ingots by 0.8%. If an electron beam cooling bed furnace or a plasma beam cooling bed furnace is used for smelting, not only can the metallurgical quality of titanium ingots be improved, but also recycled charge can be used in large quantities, effectively reducing the cost of ingot casting.

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The rolling process of TC4 titanium alloy material for aviation

Titanium alloy materials have the characteristics of high specific strength, high yield ratio, high deformation resistance, excellent process plasticity and superplasticity. Titanium rod products are widely used in various fields of the national economy. There are titanium alloy rods in aerospace aircraft. Rivet connector made after cold heading. At present, the analysis of the heat treatment and microstructure of the small diameter titanium alloy bar (≤Φ10mm) hot continuous rolling and rolled bar is relatively lacking. In response to this problem, the technicians performed high-temperature compression tests on the TC4 titanium alloy on the Gleeble500 thermal simulator. Analyze the flow stress curves of TC4 titanium alloy at different temperatures and different strain rates, provide necessary process parameters for hot continuous rolling of titanium alloy bars, and analyze the structure and performance of the rolled products.

The results of the study found:

 1. From the perspective of reducing deformation resistance, improving material formability, and ensuring final rolling microstructure and performance, the best rolling temperature for TC4 titanium alloy bars is 950℃, which is slightly lower than the phase transformation temperature of TC4 titanium alloy; The best strain rate is 1s-1, so as to ensure that the work hardening caused by the strain and strain rate during the deformation process is small, and the plasticity of the material is fully utilized;

2. Φ12 and Φ6mm bars are obtained by hot continuous rolling of a three-high Y-shaped mill. The structure of Φ12mm bars is equiaxed primary α phase + α strip + β transformation structure, and the crystal grain diameter is about 3-10μm; Axis primary α phase + thin strip α phase + β transformation structure, the grain size does not exceed 1 μm. It can be seen that as the cumulative deformation increases, the grain size decreases significantly;

 3. The structure and mechanical properties of the TC4 titanium alloy bar obtained by the hot continuous rolling of the three-high Y-shaped mill meet the technical requirements. The rolling equipment, rolling process parameters and heat treatment system used in the test can produce titanium alloy bars that meet the requirements, thereby providing a technical basis for further industrial production.

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Application advantages of TC21 titanium alloy rods and forgings in the aviation field

In order to meet the requirements of damage tolerance design, the international community attaches great importance to the development of medium-strength or high-strength titanium alloys with high fracture toughness and very slow crack growth rate, namely high damage tolerance titanium alloys (or damage tolerance titanium alloys). At present, damage tolerance titanium alloys with high fracture toughness and low crack growth rate have been developed abroad, namely, low gap Ti-6Al-4V (β-ELI) and Ti-6-22-22S. A new two-phase high-strength and high-toughness TC21 alloy developed in China.

Ti-6Al-4V (β-ELI) belongs to the high damage tolerance type titanium alloy with 900MPa strength level. The content of interstitial elements C, O, N and impurity element Fe in the alloy is significantly less than that of Ti-6A1-4V alloy. Reduce the strength of the alloy, but improve the toughness of the alloy. The main performance of alloy forgings can reach: o.≥895MPa, 00.2≥ 795MPa, 8≥8%, w≥15%, ic≥75MPa·m1/2Ti-6Al-4V(β-ELI) alloy has been applied to Boeing 777 passenger aircraft The stabilizer is connected to the joint and the body of the F/A-22 aircraft.

Ti-6-22-22S (Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.2Si) alloy is a type of α+3 titanium alloy for aviation developed by RMI Corporation of the United States in the 1970s. By adding Si, the alloy can maintain high strength at medium temperature. The advantages of this alloy are: the typical toughness can reach 100mm in diameter; and the excellent superplastic forming performance. Ti-6-22-22S alloy has been selected by the US Air Force as the material for F-22 fighters. For example, the wing chord of the lower keel of the aircraft is Ti-6-22-22S alloy forgings, and the alloy is also planned to be used X-33 trainer, reusable launch vehicle and joint attack fighter.

TC21 (Ti-Al-Mo-Sn-Zr-Cr-Si-X series) titanium alloy is a new two-phase, high-strength, high-toughness, and high-damage-tolerant titanium alloy with my country's independent intellectual property rights. At present, the large bars of this alloy below D300mm have the conditions for stable batch supply. TC21 titanium alloy has the properties of high strength, high toughness, high weldability and low fatigue crack growth rate. Its comprehensive mechanical properties are more widely used than Ti-6-22-22S and Su-27 series aircraft used in American F-22 aircraft. The BT20 titanium alloy is more excellent, especially with very excellent electron beam welding performance, which is suitable for manufacturing important load-bearing components of large integral frame beams of aircraft.

Titanium has more than 30 years of experience in damage tolerance design abroad, but my country started late in damage tolerance design. With the rapid popularization of damage tolerance design technology for domestic aviation systems, the demand for high damage tolerance titanium alloys will become increasingly urgent. my country needs to deeply study the damage tolerance performance mechanism of titanium alloys and improve the characterization and evaluation technology of damage tolerance performance.

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Application and advantages of medical titanium rods in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular repair materials

Examples of medical titanium rods used in human cardiovascular applications include artificial heart valves, blood filters, pacemakers and artificial heart pumps.

 The main advantages are:

 ① High strength, good chemical stability, and excellent biocompatibility;

 ② Titanium is non-magnetic, and seldom produces false images in the magnetic resonance spectrum MRI;

 ③ The elasticity and shape recovery function of NiTi memory alloy is very suitable for medical applications. NiTi alloy is martensitic at low temperature (near zero) and easily becomes a shape that can be easily introduced into the human body. When the temperature rises to body temperature Reverse phase transition will occur at the time, so as to return to the original set shape and produce a larger restoring force for orthopedic and support. In recent years, the application of NiTi shape memory alloy in vascular stents has attracted much attention. However, NiTi alloys may dissolve Ni ions under physiological conditions, thereby inducing toxicity and inflammatory reactions. To this end, researchers have conducted a large number of surface modification studies on the alloy. The main methods include surface inert coating, surface oxidation, surface activation and surface grafting of macromolecules. Although the footholds are different, they can effectively inhibit the dissolution of Ni ions and improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of NiTi alloys.

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Application of titanium rods and titanium wires in aerospace, automotive and communications industries

In order to enable titanium alloys to achieve satisfactory comprehensive mechanical properties and expand the use of titanium, various alloying elements are added to pure titanium to obtain various titanium alloys. Titanium alloys also have this feature, with small specific gravity and high specific strength; at the same time, they have good heat and corrosion resistance. With the development of industry, titanium alloy bars have been used in many fields.

1. Aerospace industry

The aerospace industry has always been the main application field of titanium alloy rods and titanium wires. With the development of the national economy, there will be a considerable demand for titanium alloy rods and wires with a diameter of less than 50mm in this field.

2. Aircraft fasteners

In modern high-performance aircraft, the use of titanium alloy fasteners can increase the strength of joints, improve the fatigue strength and sealing of structural parts, and reduce structural weight by 4%.

3. Glasses frame

Titanium and titanium alloys are light in weight, elastic, corrosion-resistant, and do not produce allergic reactions when they come in contact with human skin.

4. Automobile valve spring and valve stem

Due to the weight reduction, the titanium valve spring can speed up the valve movement, increase the engine speed, reduce wear and tear, reduce noise, and reduce fuel consumption by 2% to 4%.

5. Titanium-nickel alloy wire for medical use

This kind of wire has good plasticity and shape memory properties. It can be used to make satellite self-opening antennas, instrument thermal control components, medical materials, such as various surgical instruments, such as scissors, brackets, pliers, tweezers, and dental orthopedic materials. There are hundreds of varieties and specifications of various surgical implant materials.

6. Marine products breeding cage

According to the Foreign Journal, Japan’s marine fishery cage culture area is about 500×104m2, of which 30% use metal cages and the rest use chemical fiber cages. Compared with the above two types of cages, titanium cages are not easy to attach to marine organisms, are resistant to seawater corrosion, have a service life of more than 15 years, low maintenance costs, and are non-toxic and do not pollute the environment.

7. Titanium and titanium alloy electrodes

A stable domestic market has been formed and there is a certain amount of demand every year. However, it is difficult to produce alloy wire by drawing method. If it is changed to rolling method, the output and quality of alloy wire will be greatly improved, and the wire production will be technically improved by a level.

8. Welding wire for golf clubs and bicycle spokes

In recent years, there has been a considerable demand for titanium alloy welding wires and titanium bicycle spokes for welding golf clubs in foreign countries, and the sales prices are considerable.

9. Mobile phone antenna

According to reports, more than 90% of the mobile phones produced by Dailyben use Ti-Ni alloy superelastic wire antennas. Recently, in order to improve the electrical conductivity of the antenna, copper plating has begun to further improve the performance of the Ti-Ni antenna. The demand for such antennas in Europe and America is also rapidly increasing. The wire blank for this antenna is a new project with great development prospects.

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Small tool contact arc coefficient of titanium alloy CNC machining machine

Titanium and titanium alloys are known as "space metals" and "marine metals" due to their high specific strength, good thermal stability, corrosion resistance and non-magnetic properties. They are widely used in aerospace, chemical, petroleum, metallurgy, and electric power And ships and other fields. Since the 1950s, titanium has developed into the main structural material of aircraft and has become the material of choice for the manufacture of high-performance aircraft engine fans, compressor wheels and blades and other important components. With the continuous development of the aerospace industry, the titanium alloy industry has developed rapidly as a late-starting emerging industry. Especially in recent years, driven by the Chinese market, the international titanium alloy production and market demand have experienced a During the period of rapid development, the global titanium output has doubled in the past four years.

Titanium Condenser, a component of the refrigeration system, is a kind of titanium heat exchanger, which can convert gas or vapor into liquid, and transfer the heat in the titanium tube to the titanium tube in a very fast way In the air nearby. The working process of the cooler is an exothermic process, so the temperature of the cooler is relatively high.

Power plants use many coolers to condense the steam discharged from the turbine. Coolers are used in refrigeration plants to condense refrigerant vapors such as ammonia and freon. In the petrochemical industry, coolers are used to condense hydrocarbons and other chemical vapors. In the distillation process, the device that converts vapor to liquid is also called a condenser. All coolers operate by taking away the heat of gas or steam.

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Precautions when the hydrogen content of titanium pipe fittings is too high

Titanium rod features 1 small density; 2 high specific strength; 3 acid, alkali, salt, seawater corrosion resistance; 4 excellent mechanical properties.

Titanium rod use: used in the petroleum industry, electric power industry, salt and alkali industry, coking industry, hydrometallurgy industry, pharmaceutical industry, etc.

Titanium rods are mainly used for structural bearings, high-temperature titanium alloys and structural titanium alloys for the body, corrosion-resistant titanium alloys and strong titanium alloys have been further developed. Titanium alloy is mainly used for the production of aircraft engine compressor parts, followed by the structural parts of rockets, missiles and high-speed aircraft. Titanium alloys are widely used in various fields because of their high strength, good corrosion resistance and high heat resistance. Many countries in the world have recognized the importance of titanium alloy materials, have conducted research and development on them, and have been practically applied.

Titanium alloy has good welding performance. If titanium alloy thin skin and titanium alloy profile parts are welded to form a light titanium alloy integral wall panel, it will greatly reduce the weight of the fuselage. Titanium alloy A titanium alloy that can be used in various corrosive media. Industrial pure titanium and Ti6A14V alloy are widely used in manufacturing equipment for producing terephthalic acid, urea, acetaldehyde, acetone, chlorine and acetic acid and other chemical products; it is also indispensable in petroleum refining, fiber coloring, pulp manufacturing and metal plating equipment of.

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The appearance of the titanium rod is very similar to that of steel, with a density of 4.51 g/cm3 and less than 60% of steel, which is the lowest density metal element in refractory metals.

The reaction of titanium alloy materials in the air, such as titanium rods, titanium tubes, etc., is usually related to the three non-metallic elements of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. Their reaction process is closely related to temperature.

Titanium reacts very slowly with oxygen in the air below 100 degrees, and only the surface is oxidized at 500 degrees. As the temperature increases, the surface oxide film begins to dissolve in the titanium, and oxygen begins to diffuse into the metal. However, at 700°C, oxygen does not enter the inner lattice of the metal. When the temperature exceeds 700°C, the diffusion of oxygen to the metal is accelerated, and the surface oxide film loses its protective effect at high temperatures.

The reaction of titanium with oxygen depends on the shape and temperature of titanium. Powder titanium will burn or explode violently under the action of static electricity, sparks and friction in the air at room temperature. However, dense titanium is stable in air at room temperature. When the dense titanium is heated in air, it starts to react with oxygen. First, oxygen enters the crystal lattice on the titanium surface to form a dense oxide film. The oxide film on the surface can prevent oxygen from diffusing into the interior and has a protective effect. Therefore, titanium is stable in the air below 500°C. The color of the surface oxide film is related to the formation temperature. Below 200 degrees is silvery white, 300 degrees is light yellow, 400 degrees is golden yellow, 500 degrees is blue, 600 degrees is purple, 700-800 degrees is red-gray, and 800-900 degrees is gray. In pure oxygen, the initial temperature ratio of titanium to oxygen is lower than the initial temperature ratio in air. At about 500-600°C, titanium burns in oxygen.

Titanium does not react with nitrogen at room temperature, but at high temperatures, titanium is one of the few metal elements that can burn in nitrogen. When the combustion temperature of titanium in nitrogen is higher than 800°C, the reaction between titanium and nitrogen is very violent. The reaction of titanium and nitrogen can not only generate titanium nitride (ti3n, Ti N, etc.), but also form a Ti-N solid solution. When the temperature is 500-550℃, titanium starts to absorb nitrogen and form interstitial solid solution; when the temperature exceeds 600℃, the nitrogen absorption rate of titanium increases. In the Ti-N solid solution, nitrogen enters the titanium lattice in the form of titanium nitride, the phase transition temperature of titanium increases, and nitrogen is also a stabilizer of titanium. The solubility (mass fraction) of nitrogen in air is 7% at 1050°C and 2% at 2020°C. However, the absorption rate of nitrogen by titanium is much slower than the absorption rate of oxygen. Therefore, titanium mainly absorbs oxygen in the air, while the absorption of nitrogen is secondary.

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Progress in the application of titanium alloy precision thermoforming technology in aerospace

Because titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and process properties, it is widely used in many sectors of the National Economy. Especially in chemical production, the use of titanium instead of stainless steel, nickel-based alloys and other rare metals as corrosion-resistant materials can increase production, improve product quality, extend equipment life, reduce consumption, reduce energy consumption, reduce costs, and prevent Pollution, improvement of working conditions and productivity are all very important. In recent years, the scope of titanium used in the chemical industry in our country has been expanding, and the amount used has increased year by year. Titanium has become one of the main anti-corrosion materials in chemical equipment. Titanium, as a corrosion-resistant structural material used in chemical equipment, has established its position, and as an ideal material in chemical equipment, titanium has increasingly attracted the attention of engineers and technicians.

(1) Chlor-alkali industry

The Chlor-alkali industry is an important basic raw material industry, and its production and development have a great impact on the national economy. This is because the corrosion resistance of titanium to chloride ions is better than that of commonly used stainless steel and other non-ferrous metals. Currently, titanium is widely used in the Chlor-alkali industry to manufacture metal anode electrolyzers, ion-exchange membrane electrolyzers, wet chlorine coolers, refined brine preheaters, dechlorination towers, chlorine cooling scrubbers, etc. In the past, the main components of these equipment used non-metallic materials (such as graphite, polyvinyl chloride, etc.). The mechanical properties, thermal stability and processing performance of non-metallic materials were not ideal, resulting in bulky equipment, high energy consumption, and longevity. Short, and affect product quality and pollute the environment.

(2) Soda ash industry

Soda ash is one of the most basic chemical raw materials, and it is directly related to the development of the national economy. During the production of soda ash, the gaseous media are mostly NH3 and CO2, and the liquid media are mostly NaC1, NH4C1, NH4HCO3 and solutions with a higher concentration of C1-. Carbonization tower small tubes and hot mother liquor coolers are used for carbonation reaction with carbon drink and cast iron The main equipment such as coolers, crystal external coolers, etc., are not corrosion-resistant, with serious corrosion and leakage, and their service life is less than three years.

Titanium and its alloys have many excellent characteristics such as lightweight, high strength, strong heat resistance, and corrosion resistance. They are known as the "future metal" and are new structural materials with promising development. Titanium and its alloys not only have very important applications in the aviation and aerospace industries, but also have begun to be widely used in many industrial sectors such as chemical industry, petroleum, light industry, metallurgy, and power generation.

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Cleaning of titanium pipe welding and oxide film removal of welding groove:

Titanium is a very special metal. It is very light in texture, yet very tough and corrosion-resistant. It retains its own color for life at room temperature. The melting point of titanium is similar to that of platinum, so it is often used in aerospace and military precision parts. After adding electric current and chemical treatment, different colors will be produced. Titanium has excellent resistance to acid and alkali corrosion. Titanium that has been immersed in "aqua regia" for several years is still bright and radiant. If titanium is added to stainless steel, only about one percent is added, which greatly improves the ability to resist rust.

Titanium has excellent characteristics such as low density, high temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance. The density of titanium alloy is half that of steel and the strength is almost the same as that of steel; titanium is resistant to high temperatures and low temperatures. It can maintain high strength in a wide temperature range of -253℃~500℃. Metal processing WeChat, the content is good and worthy of attention. These advantages are necessary for space metal. Titanium alloy is a good material for making rocket engine shells, artificial satellites, and spacecraft. It is called "space metal". Because of these advantages, titanium has become a prominent rare metal since the 1950s.

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What is the application of titanium plates in the medical industry?

The aerospace industry has high requirements for the weight, strength, resistance, and corrosion resistance of materials. Titanium alloys perfectly meet the requirements of aerospace materials. Titanium alloy is the main construction material of aircraft and is widely used in various parts such as aircraft landing gear, the outer structure of the fuselage, engine turbine blades, casing and so on. Under the conditions of the country's "independent and controllable" requirements for military products and the continuous development of civil aviation, the demand for titanium alloys will continue to rise, and China's titanium alloy industry has a bright development prospect.

In the statistics on the number of global military aircraft at the end of 2019, China ranked third, second only to the United States and Russia, which once again shows that the domestic aerospace titanium material market has great potential.

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Titanium and titanium alloy high-end products have greater future development potential

There are more than 160 titanium alloy manufacturers in my country, and the number of companies with better independent research and development capabilities, higher product technology content, and better brand characteristics is relatively small. Most of them are concentrated in the low-end and mid-end areas, especially the low-end market with excess capacity. The competition is fierce. my country's petrochemical, aerospace, power, marine engineering and other industries continue to have strong demand for high-end titanium alloy products, and the market demand for titanium alloys is shifting from the low-end to mid-to-high-end. However, the number of high-end titanium alloy manufacturers in my country is relatively small and the market supply is insufficient.

At this stage, only 10% of my country's titanium alloy products are used in high-end areas, while 50% of US titanium alloy products are used in high-end areas. Compared with developed countries, my country's titanium alloy industry has a large gap. As my country's large aircraft manufacturing gradually increases and military aircraft continue to upgrade, the aviation industry's demand for titanium alloys will continue to increase. From the perspective of the import unit price of my country's titanium alloy products in 2018, the import unit price is much higher than the export unit price, indicating that the supply of high-end titanium alloy products in my country is insufficient and the market depends on imports. The industry needs to continuously improve R&D and innovation capabilities, improve product performance, develop new functional products, and accelerate the pace of import substitution in the high-end titanium alloy market.

In 2017, my country's titanium output was around 33 million tons, and the industry output declined in 2018. Affected by factors such as weakening market demand, high port inventory, and unoptimistic economic conditions, in 2018, large enterprises in my country's titanium alloy industry had a good operating rate, small enterprises were cautious in resuming production, and the overall output of the industry fell. As the demand for my country's high-end titanium alloy market grows, large-scale enterprises with higher technological levels have greater potential for future development.

According to industry analysts, the national policy attaches more importance to the high-tech industry. The domestic aerospace, shipbuilding, marine engineering, transportation, military and other fields have a growing demand for high-end materials. The production strategy of high-end titanium alloys is of great significance. It has become an inevitable trend for the industry to adjust its product structure and shift to high-end areas. Therefore, the titanium alloy industry will have higher and higher technical requirements for production enterprises, and enterprises can only achieve further development by continuously improving their core competitiveness. In the future, the technical barriers to entry into the titanium alloy industry will continue to increase.

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Brief Analysis of the Status of Titanium Industry in China

The scale of titanium is one of the basic knowledge of titanium. The scale of titanium generally refers to the length of titanium. The length of titanium mainly includes length, width, height, diameter, radius, inner diameter, outer diameter, and wall thickness. The unit of the length of titanium material is the meter (m), centimetre (cm), millimeter (mm) and so on. To know that they have to understand titanium, titanium includes titanium rods, titanium plates, titanium tubes, titanium wires, etc., which are rolled from titanium and titanium alloys.

1. The scale of titanium

It is a useful way to save data. The expert scale of titanium rods means that the length or length by width is not less than a certain scale or the length of the titanium plate. Delivered within the scale of the length and the width. The production unit can produce and supply according to this standard demand.

2. Indefinite

Refers to the general length, where the product scale (length or width) is within the scale of the specification and does not require a fixed scale. Indefinite length is also known as general length (through ruler). For metal materials that are delivered according to an indefinite length, they can be delivered within a regular length scale. For example, for the general round titanium of no more than 25mm, the general length rule is 4-10m, and the round titanium with the length within this scale can be delivered.

3. Fixed length

Cut to a fixed size according to the order requirement is called fixed-length. When delivering according to the fixed-length length, the metal materials submitted must have the length specified by the purchaser in the order contract. For example, if the contract states that the delivery is based on a fixed length of 5m, the delivered materials must be 5m long. Anything shorter than 5m or better than 5m is unqualified. But in fact, it is impossible for the delivery to be all 5m long, so the rule allows for a positive error, but not a negative error.

4. Times the ruler

The one that is cut into integer multiples according to the fixed scale required by the order is called the double ruler. When delivering the goods in multiple lengths, the length of the metal materials submitted must be an integer multiple of the length specified in the purchase contract (called a single length) (with a saw cut). For example, the buyer of a titanium rod manufacturer requires a single ruler length of 2m in the order contract, then the length is 4m when cut into a double ruler, and 6m when cut into a triple ruler, and one or two are added separately. A saw cut. The amount of saw cut has rules in the specification. When the double ruler is delivered, only positive errors are allowed, and negative deviations are not allowed.

5. Narrow ruler

The width is less than the lower limit of the indefinite width of the standard rule, but not less than the narrowest width promised. When delivering the goods according to the narrow rule, it is necessary to pay attention to the narrow rule share and the narrowest rule of the relevant regulations.

6. Short feet

The length is less than the lower limit of the indefinite length of the titanium pipe specification rules, but not less than the shortest length allowed is called short length. For example, the rules in the specification for water and gas transportation of titanium pipes allow 10% (according to the number of pieces) of short-length titanium pipes of 2-4m in each batch. 4m is the lower limit of indefinite length, and the minimum length allowed is 2m.

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Advantages of titanium alloy pipe

TC4 titanium alloy has a series of advantages such as excellent corrosion resistance, low density, high specific strength, better toughness and weldability, etc., and has been successfully applied in the aerospace, petrochemical, shipbuilding, automotive and pharmaceutical sectors. During the hot forming process of TC4 titanium alloy, a layer of oxide scale will be formed on the surface, and the color of the obtained oxide scale will be different at different hot forming temperatures. Among them, when the thermoforming temperature is about 600°C, the oxide scale is blue; when the thermoforming temperature is about 850°C, the oxide scale is gray to reddish; and when the thermoforming temperature is 900°C, the oxide scale is gray. With the increase of temperature, the difficulty of removing oxide scale gradually increases. The removal of titanium alloy scale at home and abroad mostly adopts a two-step method, that is, first molten alkali washing and then acid washing; however, the temperature of molten alkali washing medium is higher, which can reach about 450℃, and it is easy to cause semi-finished products of α+β and β titanium alloy The premature aging strengthening of sulphate brings difficulties to further processing. In addition, washing with nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid after hot alkaline washing may also cause hydrogen embrittlement corrosion on the surface of the titanium alloy.

The researchers studied the process of removing the oxide layer on the surface of the oxide scale obtained at the three temperatures of 590, 850, and 920°C by first washing with a low-temperature alkaline solution and then pickling.

The lye used in the test is a mixed supersaturated solution of industrial pure NaOH and industrial pure NaNO2, and a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid (volume ratio HF:HNO3:H2O=1:1:3) is used for pickling. The TC4 titanium alloy that has been washed with hot alkali and washed with water is completely immersed in the acid solution for 20 seconds and then taken out, and then washed with tap water. Finally, the aforesaid sample was cleaned by acetone or alcohol ultrasonic wave and then dried and weighed. The mass of the sample before and after hot alkaline washing and acid washing was measured with an electronic balance, with an accuracy of 0.001g. The analysis shows that the oxide scale on the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy can be completely removed by the process of hot alkaline washing and then acid washing. conclusion as below:

(1) The thickness of TC4 titanium alloy hot forming surface oxide scale is less than 2μm.

(2) Through the hot alkaline washing and pickling process, the oxide scale on the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy can be completely removed. The lye ratio is 700g/L NaOH+250g/L NaNO2, and the boiling temperature is about 160℃. Soaking for 6h can achieve the removal effect.

(3) The hydrogen mass fraction of TC4 titanium alloy with an oxide scale does not change much through the hot alkaline washing and pickling process, which meets the production needs.

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