What should I do with titanium rod or titanium alloy residue?

At present, my country has developed into a major country in the world's titanium industry, with titanium production capacity and output ranking first in the world. However, the overall technical content of domestic titanium materials is low, the added value of products is low, and the production capacity is serious. The titanium industry is facing "big but not strong." In the current situation, increasing the deep processing of titanium materials and the development of high value-added products are the key to the industry’s getting rid of the difficulties. As an important functional thin film material in the field of electronic information, high-purity titanium has rapidly increased its demand in recent years with the rapid development of my country's integrated circuit, flat display, and solar energy industries. Magnetron sputtering (PVD) technology is one of the key technologies for preparing thin film materials. High-purity titanium sputtering targets are key consumables in the magnetron sputtering process and have broad market application prospects. As a high-value-added coating material, titanium target material has strict requirements in terms of chemical purity, structure and performance, high technical content, and difficult processing. Chinese target material manufacturers started relatively late in the field of high-end target manufacturing. The purity of raw materials is relatively backward, and there is also a certain gap between target preparation technologies such as tissue control, process molding and other core process technologies. For downstream high-end applications, the development of high-performance titanium sputtering targets is an important measure to realize the independent research and development of key materials for the electronic information manufacturing industry and to promote the transformation and upgrading of the titanium industry to high-end.
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Precautions for processing titanium alloy parts during processing

The titanium alloy material parts used on the space shuttle mainly include high pressure vessel, wing leading edge, oil pressure pipeline, engine thrust bracket, etc.

①High pressure vessel

The pressure vessel used on the space shuttle must withstand a high pressure of (2.1~3.5)×10Pa. The wall of the vessel is actually a composite structure, which uses titanium as the substrate and is reinforced with aromatic organic fibers. The fiber applies a pre-stress (compressive stress) to the titanium substrate. This structure can make the pressure vessel weigh 35% lighter than a single-layer all-titanium vessel. Both the container material and its welding wire use Ti6Al4V alloy.

②wing

The maximum temperature of the front edge of the wing can rise to 538℃, which is unbearable by aluminum alloy, and the FeNi-based alloy is too heavy, so Ti6Al-4V alloy is used. The wing is fixed on the wing supporting structure with the same fixture mechanism, and the fixture also uses Ti6Al4V alloy.

③Hydraulic piping

There are a large number of hydraulic pipelines on the space shuttle, and T3A2.5V alloy seamless pipes are used for piping, which can reduce the weight of the pipeline by 40%.

④Engine thrust bracket

At the back of the space shuttle, there is a thrust bracket supporting three main engines (Figure 29), through which 510t of thrust can be transmitted to the space shuttle. The thrust bracket is made of high-strength titanium alloy, and at the same time, boron epoxy resin is used for compounding on its surface. The specific elastic modulus of boron epoxy resin is higher than that of Ti6A4V alloy, but the thermal expansion coefficient of the two is similar. The boron epoxy resin composite layer can improve the rigidity of the thrust member.

⑤Other parts

Due to the high specific strength of titanium, titanium materials are used in the space shuttle for the rear elevator fixture, external container fixture, the upper part of the frame/tail conversion device, and the sealing fins on the upper surface between the wings and elevons.
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What should be paid attention to during the cutting process of titanium plate

1. Aerospace

The major titanium use countries in the aerospace industry are concentrated in Western countries, especially the United States, where 60% of titanium is used in this field. Asian countries, Japan and China all invest about 10% of titanium in this field. However, with the rapid development of Asian aerospace in recent years, the consumption of titanium in the aerospace field will increase accordingly. From a global perspective, the aviation industry plays a decisive role in the titanium market. Historically, the major cycles of the titanium industry are closely related to the aviation industry.

2. Civil aircraft

(1) Reduce structural weight and improve structural efficiency

(2) Meet the use requirements of high temperature parts

(3) Meet the requirements that match the structure of the composite material

(4) Meet the requirements of high corrosion resistance and long life

3. Military weapons

The development and procurement of military weapons continue to develop in the direction of lightness and flexibility. In order to meet the fighter's combat performance requirements, in addition to adopting advanced design technology, it is necessary to use materials with excellent performance and advanced manufacturing technology. One of the important measures is to choose a large number of titanium alloys and improve the application level of advanced titanium alloys.

4. Car

Reducing fuel consumption and reducing hazardous waste (CO2, NOX, etc.) emissions have become one of the main driving forces and directions for technological progress in the automotive industry. Research shows that lightweight is an effective measure to save fuel and reduce pollution. For every 10% reduction in the quality of a car, fuel consumption can be reduced by 8%-10%, and exhaust emissions can be reduced by 10%.

In terms of driving, the acceleration performance of the vehicle is improved after the weight is reduced, and the vehicle control stability, noise and vibration are also improved. From the perspective of collision safety, after the car is lightweight, the inertia during a collision is small and the braking distance is reduced.

The preferred way to reduce the weight of automobiles is to replace traditional automobile materials (steel) with light materials with high specific strength, such as aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. In 2009, the global amount of titanium used in automobiles reached 3,000 tons. Titanium has been used in racing cars for many years. At present, almost all racing cars use titanium. Japanese cars use more than 600 tons of titanium. With the development of the global automobile industry, the use of titanium for automobiles is still increasing rapidly.

5. Medical industry

Titanium has a wide range of applications in the medical field. Titanium is close to human bones and has good biocompatibility to human tissues without toxic side effects. Human implants are special functional materials closely related to human life and health. Compared with other metal materials, the main advantages of using titanium and titanium alloys are as follows:

1 Light weight; 2 Low modulus of elasticity; 3 Non-magnetic; 4 Non-toxic; 5 Corrosion resistance; 6 High strength and good toughness.

The amount of titanium alloy used in surgical implants is increasing at an annual rate of 5%-7%. Femoral heads, hip joints, humerus, skull, knee joints, elbow joints, shoulder joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, jaws, and cardiac membranes, kidney membranes, vasodilators, splints, prostheses, made of titanium and titanium alloys Hundreds of metal parts, such as fastening screws, have been transplanted into the human body, which has achieved good results and has been highly praised by the medical community.

6. Chemical industry

Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and process properties, and is widely used in many sectors of the national economy. Especially in chemical production, titanium is used instead of stainless steel, nickel-based alloys and other rare metals as corrosion-resistant materials. This is of great significance to increase output, improve product quality, extend equipment life, reduce consumption, reduce energy consumption, reduce costs, prevent pollution, improve working conditions, and increase labor productivity.

7. Ocean Engineering

With the development of science and technology and the depletion of land resources, mankind's development and utilization of the ocean has been on the agenda. Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance to seawater, and is widely used in seawater desalination, ships, ocean thermal energy development, and seabed resource exploitation.

8. Daily life

Titanium is widely used in daily life and can be described as ubiquitous. For example, golf heads, bicycle frames, tennis rackets, wheelchairs, spectacle frames, etc. are all used in titanium.

The application of titanium in sporting goods due to its light weight and high strength has gradually expanded from the earliest tennis rackets and badminton rackets to golf heads, clubs and racing cars.

The light weight of titanium is also applied to spectacle frames, and titanium is not easy to be allergic to the skin, and the surface of titanium can have brilliant colors after anodizing, so it has been used in spectacle frames since the early 1980s.

Titanium is considered a rare metal because it is scattered in nature and difficult to extract. But it is relatively rich, ranking tenth among all elements. Titanium ore mainly includes ilmenite and rutile, which are widely distributed in the crust and lithosphere. Titanium is also present in almost all living things, rocks, water bodies and soil.

The Kroll method or Hunter method is required to extract titanium from the main ore. The most common compound of titanium is titanium dioxide, which can be used to make white pigments. Other compounds also include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (used as a catalyst and used to make smoke screens as air cover) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (used to catalyze the production of polypropylene).

Titanium alloy characteristics:

High strength, the density of titanium alloy is generally about 4.51g/cm3, which is only 60% of steel. The strength of pure titanium is close to that of ordinary steel. Some high-strength titanium alloys exceed the strength of many alloy structural steels. Therefore, the specific strength (strength/density) of titanium alloy is much greater than other metal structural materials, and parts and components with high unit strength, good rigidity, and light weight can be produced. At present, titanium alloys are used in aircraft engine components, skeletons, skins, fasteners, and landing gear.
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Usually the problems that need attention in the process of rolling and heat treatment of titanium plates

The thermal conductivity of titanium alloy is small, about 1/3 of that of iron, and the heat generated during machining is difficult to release through the workpiece; at the same time, because the specific heat of titanium alloy is small, the local temperature rises quickly during processing. Therefore, it is easy to cause the tool temperature to be very high, sharply wear the tool tip, and reduce the service life. Experiments have proved that the temperature of the tip of the tool for cutting titanium alloy is 2-3 times higher than that of cutting steel. Thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, chemical activity, alloy type and microstructure are the main factors affecting the machining performance of titanium alloys. The low modulus of elasticity of titanium alloy makes the machined surface easy to spring back, especially the processing spring back of thin-walled parts is more serious, which is easy to cause strong friction between the flank face and the machined surface, thereby wearing the tool and chipping. Titanium alloys have strong chemical activity, and can easily interact with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen at high temperatures, increasing their hardness and decreasing plasticity. It is difficult to mechanically process the oxygen-rich layer formed during heating and forging. Titanium alloys have different alloy compositions and different processing properties. In the annealed state, a-type titanium alloy has better mechanical processing performance; a+β-type titanium alloy takes the second place; β-type titanium alloy has high strength and good hardenability. But the machining performance is the worst.

There are many machining methods for titanium alloys, mainly including: turning, milling, boring, drilling, grinding, tapping, sawing, EDM and so on.
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Titanium board appearance inspection standard, do you know?

Ultrasonic impact technology is an efficient way to eliminate harmful residual tensile stress on the surface of the component or the weld area and introduce beneficial compressive stress. Ultrasonic impact equipment uses high-power energy to push the impact head to impact the surface of metal objects at a frequency of about 20,000 times per second. The high-frequency, high-efficiency and high-focus energy causes large compression and plastic deformation of the metal surface; at the same time, the ultrasonic impact changes The original stress field generates beneficial compressive stress; the metal surface temperature rises rapidly and cools rapidly under high-energy impact, which changes the surface metal structure of the affected area and strengthens the impact site.

In the field of high-energy ultrasound (HPU), ultrasonic impact technology has become a promising research direction, and its application range has been extended to various materials, components, and welding units. So far, the ultrasonic impact technology has been used in railways, marine engineering, automobiles, armored vehicles, heavy construction machinery, mechanical parts, aircraft, bridges, rolling stock, and rolling stock in Russia, Ukraine, France, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Canada, and the United States. , Petroleum pipelines, chemical machinery equipment and many other fields have applications.

Ultrasonic impact is the use of high-power ultrasound to push the impact tool to impact the surface of a metal object at a frequency of more than 20,000 times per second. Due to the high frequency, high efficiency and large energy of the ultrasound, the metal surface produces greater piezoplastic deformation; At the same time, the ultrasonic shock wave changes the original stress field and produces a certain value of compressive stress; the ultrasonic shock wave can be strengthened. The ultrasonic drive power supply is connected with the ultrasonic transducer arranged in the shell through a cable, the vibration output end of the transducer is connected with the horn, and the end of the horn is equipped with an impact needle. The ultrasonic drive power converts the mains electricity into high frequency and high voltage alternating current, which is output to the ultrasonic transducer. Then the ultrasonic transducer converts the input electrical energy into mechanical energy, that is, ultrasonic. Its manifestation is that the transducer makes a longitudinal reciprocating telescopic motion; the frequency of the telescopic motion is equal to the frequency of the AC current of the driving power source, and the displacement of the telescopic motion is more than ten. About micrometers. The role of the horn is to amplify the output amplitude of the transducer to more than 100 microns, and on the other hand to apply an impact force to the impact needle to push the impact needle forward at high speed. After the impact pin impacts the workpiece, the energy is transferred to the weld to achieve the effect of eliminating internal stress. The impact head rebounds after being reacted by the workpiece, and when it hits the high-frequency vibrating horn, it is excited again and hits the weld at high speed again. Repeat this many times to complete the impact operation. Features:  High power, good impact effect, high reliability, long service life, light weight, portability, very convenient operation, sophisticated design, wide range of use, significant energy saving, and cost reduction.

effect:

 1. Turn the residual tensile stress in the surface layer of the metal weld into a compressive stress, thereby greatly improving the fatigue life of the metal structure.

2. Change the metal crystal grain structure in the surface layer to produce a plastic deformation layer, thereby significantly improving the strength and hardness of the metal surface layer.

3. Improve the geometry of the weld toe and reduce stress concentration.

4. Change the welding stress field, significantly reduce welding deformation and improve the dimensional stability of the workpiece.
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Production process of titanium aluminum profiles

Reducing the price of titanium alloy materials such as titanium rods, titanium plates, and titanium wires must be carried out from two aspects: the development of new low-cost alloys and the improvement of production processes:

1. Reduce raw material costs

Titanium has a high melting point and very active chemical properties. It has a strong chemical affinity with elements such as O, H, N and C, which makes it difficult to extract pure titanium. The Kroll magnesium reduction method is widely used in industry to produce sponge titanium. The Kroll magnesium reduction method produces sponge titanium with a complex process, high energy consumption, long cycle time, and cannot be continuously produced. At the same time, a large amount of metallic magnesium is required as a reducing agent, and the production cost is relatively high. At present, the process of direct electrochemical reduction of TiO2 in molten CaCl2 developed by the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom has made a breakthrough. This method has a short production cycle for producing sponge titanium, and the production cost has been reduced by 40%.

Titanium alloys mostly use high-priced V as alloying elements to increase their strength, and these alloying elements are mostly added with Al-X as a master alloy. Substituting cheap Fe, Cr and other alloying elements for V is an effective way to reduce the cost of titanium alloys.

With the advancement of titanium smelting technology, it is an effective method to reduce the cost of raw materials to add the leftovers and scraps generated during the production and processing of titanium as furnace charge after a series of treatments to achieve recycling.

2. Reduce processing costs

Casting is a classic net (near) forming process. The parts produced do not need to be machined or machined very little, which saves a lot of metal. Casting can often produce parts with complex shapes, and when these parts are manufactured by other traditional methods, the process is complicated and the production cost is relatively high, especially for titanium, which has relatively high material prices. At present, titanium castings are widely used in the aviation industry. In the automobile manufacturing industry, parts produced by casting methods include valves and turbochargers. Powder metallurgy, as an advanced technology method of modern metallurgy and material processing, has played an important role in the titanium industry. The use of titanium powder metallurgy near-forming technology can directly produce finished products or parts close to the finished size, which reduces the consumption of raw materials, shortens the processing cycle, and saves 20% to 50% of the cost compared with conventional processes. At present, the research of titanium powder metallurgy is in a stage of rapid development, which mainly includes several aspects. One is the preparation technology of high-quality and low-cost titanium powder and its industrialization; the other is the preparation technology of titanium powder metallurgy, which is also popularized and applied in the automobile industry.
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Do you know the drawing process of titanium rods?

TC4 titanium alloy has excellent comprehensive properties, and the output accounts for more than 50% of the entire titanium alloy products, and more than 80% of the total amount of titanium alloy products is used in the aerospace industry. It is mainly used as load-bearing components of aircraft, which accounts for approximately the amount of titanium alloy used for load-bearing components 70% to 80% of the total. At present, some countries in the world have mature technologies for preparing large-scale titanium alloy materials and have formulated corresponding specifications. For example, the thickness of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) titanium alloy sheets in the American Standard AMS 4911L can reach 100mm. However, due to the limitations of the preparation process and the level of use, the preparation of high-performance large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates (thickness greater than 40mm and width greater than 2000mm) in China still faces many challenges.

As the thickness and width of the TC4 titanium alloy sheet increase, the difficulty of controlling the uniformity of the structure and maintaining its strong plastic matching will also increase. The use of suitable hot working methods is effective for preparing large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates. way. The researchers used the thermal processing map obtained by the thermal simulation test as a reference to explore the deformation amount, rolling temperature and other process parameters, and successfully prepared a large-size TC4 with good plate shape and uniform structure on a 2800mm four-high hot rolling mill. Titanium alloy thick plate.

The TC4 titanium alloy ingot used in the experiment was smelted by vacuum consumable arc three times, and the mass was 5t. After peeling the ingots, samples were taken at the upper, middle, and lower parts of the ingot and analyzed for composition. From the analysis results, it can be seen that the main elements Al, V and the impurity elements Fe and O are evenly distributed on the upper, middle, and lower parts of the ingot without segregation. Fully meet the requirements of preparing large-size TC4 titanium alloy thick plates.
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New developments in the skill flow of titanium alloy casting titanium alloy

(1) The elastic modulus of titanium is relatively low relative to its tensile performance. Therefore, in the pressing and roller operations, a larger rebound margin must be considered. It is precisely because of the lower modulus of elasticity that in order to achieve the same degree of stability, the cross-section of titanium parts is slightly larger than that of the same steel parts.

(2) Titanium is easy to machine, but its seizure tendency (larger than stainless steel) and low thermal conductivity must be considered, and the commonly used machining technology, thread, and bearing surface design must be appropriately improved. At least a rigid machine tool, sharp cutting tools, slow speed, large cutting volume, and leave room for chip removal, it is also recommended to use a large amount of cooling lubricant.

(3) The thermal expansion coefficient of titanium is 75% of carbon steel. When it is necessary to combine these two materials in equipment design and manufacturing, special attention should be paid to this point.

(4) Because titanium is a kind of active metal, it is easy to combine with oxygen in the air when heated to above 600℃, so it is generally not recommended to use titanium for a long time at a temperature higher than this temperature.

(5) When the temperature of industrial pure titanium exceeds 150~200℃, the mechanical strength decreases rapidly.

(6) The diffusion rate of hydrogen in titanium is faster than that of oxygen. Therefore, before the thermal processing, the heating furnace used should have a micro-oxidizing atmosphere. This will produce a thinner oxide film, but it avoids the possibility of hydrogen. Deep pollution.

(7) The softer industrial pure titanium plate is easy to be cold-formed after annealing; the harder industrial pure titanium and Ti2.5Cu require medium temperature processing, and the processing temperature for Ti6Al4V is preferably 600~700℃.

(8) Composite plates can be obtained by explosive welding of thin titanium plates and thick steel plates, which can be used to manufacture high-pressure and high-temperature vessels and heat exchangers. However, it is not economically cost-effective to use it to replace the overall titanium or the titanium lining of the suit.
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The use and characteristics of titanium rods

TC4 alloy is a typical α-β two-phase titanium alloy, containing 6% α stabilizing element Al and 4% β stabilizing element V. The alloy has excellent comprehensive properties and has been widely used in the aviation and aerospace industries. The long-term working temperature of TC4 titanium alloy can reach 400℃. In the aviation industry, it is mainly used to manufacture engine fans and compressor discs and blades, as well as important load-bearing components such as beams, joints and bulkheads in aircraft structures.

The main semi-finished products of TC4 titanium alloy are bars, forgings, thick plates, thin plates, profiles and wires. The alloy is mainly used in the annealed state, and can also be strengthened by solution aging treatment, and the quenched cross section generally does not exceed 25mm.

The alloy has good process plasticity and superplasticity, and is suitable for various pressure forming. The alloy can also be welded and machined in various ways.
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What is the difference between titanium plates and stainless steel plates?

1. Turning

The turning of titanium alloy products is easy to obtain better surface roughness, and the work hardening is not serious, but the cutting temperature is high and the tool wears quickly. In view of these characteristics, the following measures are mainly taken in terms of tools and cutting parameters:

Tool material: YG6, YG8, YG10HT are selected according to the existing conditions of the factory.

Tool geometry parameters: suitable front and rear angles of the tool, tool tip rounding.

Low cutting speed, moderate feed rate, deep cutting depth, sufficient cooling, the tool tip cannot be higher than the center of the workpiece when turning the outer circle, otherwise it will be easy to stick the tool, and the tool will be biased when finishing turning and turning thin-walled parts. The angle should be large, generally 75-90°.

2. Milling

Milling of titanium alloy products is more difficult than turning, because milling is intermittent cutting, and the chips are easy to bond with the cutting edge. When the sticky teeth cut into the workpiece again, the sticky chips are knocked off and a small piece of tool material is taken away. Chipping greatly reduces the durability of the tool. Metal processing WeChat, the content is good and worthy of attention. Therefore, three measures have been taken for titanium alloy milling:

Milling method: Climbing milling is generally used. Tool material: high-speed steel M42. Improve the rigidity of the process system in terms of workpiece clamping and equipment.

What needs to be pointed out here is: general alloy steel processing does not use down milling, due to the influence of the machine tool screw and nut clearance, during down milling, the milling cutter acts on the workpiece, and the component force and feed in the feed direction If the direction is the same, it is easy to cause intermittent movement of the workpiece table, which will cause the knife to hit. For down milling, the cutter tooth hits the crust at the beginning of the cut, causing the cutter to break. However, since the chips of up-milling are from thin to thick, the tool is prone to dry friction with the workpiece during the initial cutting, which increases the sticking and chipping of the tool. In the case of titanium alloys, the latter contradiction is even more prominent.

In addition, in order to make titanium alloy milling smoothly, the following points should be noted: Compared with the general standard milling cutter, the rake angle should be reduced, and the back angle should be increased. ; The milling speed should be low. Use sharp tooth milling cutters as much as possible and avoid using relief tooth milling cutters; the tip of the tool should be smoothly transferred; use a large amount of cutting fluid. In order to improve production efficiency, the milling depth and width can be appropriately increased. The milling depth is generally 1.5～3.0mm for rough machining and 0.2～0.5mm for finishing.

3. Grinding

The common problems in grinding titanium alloy parts are sticky debris causing blockage of the grinding wheel and burns on the surface of the part. The reason is the poor thermal conductivity of the titanium alloy, which causes high temperature in the grinding zone, so that the titanium alloy and the abrasive are bonded, diffused and strongly chemically reacted. Sticky chips and blockage of the grinding wheel lead to a significant decrease in the grinding ratio. As a result of diffusion and chemical reactions, the workpiece is burned on the ground surface, resulting in a reduction in the fatigue strength of the parts, which is more obvious when grinding titanium alloy castings.

In order to solve this problem, the measures taken are: select the appropriate grinding wheel material: green silicon carbide TL. Slightly lower grinding wheel hardness: ZR1. Coarse wheel size: 60. Slightly lower grinding wheel speed: 10-20m/s. Slightly smaller feed rate, fully cooled with emulsion.

4. Drilling

It is difficult to drill titanium alloys, and the phenomenon of burning tools and broken drills often occurs during the processing. This is mainly caused by several reasons such as poor sharpening of the drill bit, delayed chip removal, poor cooling, and poor rigidity of the process system. Therefore, the following points must be paid attention to in titanium alloy drilling processing: Tool material: high-speed steel M42, B201 or cemented carbide. Reasonable drill sharpening: increase the top angle, reduce the front angle of the outer edge, increase the rear angle of the outer edge, and increase the inverted cone to 2 to 3 times that of the standard drill. Withdraw the knife frequently and remove the chips in time, paying attention to the shape and color of the chips. If the chips appear feathery or the color changes during the drilling process, it indicates that the drill is blunt, and the tool should be changed and sharpened in time.

Add enough cutting fluid: Soybean oil is generally used, and French OLTIP special oil for drilling and tapping can be added when necessary. Improve the rigidity of the process system: the drilling jig should be fixed on the worktable, the drilling jig guide should be close to the processing surface, and the short drill bit should be used as much as possible. There is also a problem worth noting: When manual feed is adopted, the drill must not stay in the hole, otherwise the drill blade will rub against the machined surface, causing work hardening and dulling the drill.

5. Reaming

When titanium alloy reaming, the tool wear is not serious, and cemented carbide and high-speed steel reamers can be used. Commonly used in factories are W18Cr4V, M42, YW1, YG8, YG10HT, etc. When using cemented carbide reamer, the rigidity of the process system similar to that of drilling should be adopted to prevent the reamer from chipping. Metal processing WeChat, the content is good and worthy of attention. The main problem of titanium alloy reaming is that the reaming is not perfect. The following measures can be taken: use oilstone to narrow the width of the reamer blade to prevent the blade from sticking to the hole wall, but ensure sufficient strength. Generally, the blade width is 0.1 ~0.15mm is better.

The transition between the cutting edge and the calibration part should be a smooth arc, and it should be sharpened in time after wear, and the size of the arc of each tooth should be the same; if necessary, the inverted taper of the calibration part can be enlarged; reaming twice. The rough reaming allowance is 0.1mm, and the fine reaming allowance is generally less than 0.05mm; the spindle speed is 60r/min; when the reaming is completed, the hand reaming cannot be reversed and exiting, and the reaming machine should exit the reamer without stopping.

6, tapping

It is very difficult to tap titanium alloy products, especially small holes below M6mm. Mainly because the chip is small, it is easy to bond with the blade and the workpiece, resulting in a large surface roughness value and a large torque. When tapping, improper selection and improper operation of taps can easily cause work hardening, extremely low processing efficiency and sometimes tap breaks. The solution is as follows:

It is preferred to use a jump-tooth tap with a wire in place, and the number of teeth should be less than that of a standard tap, generally 2 to 3 teeth. The cutting taper angle should be large, and the taper part is generally 3 to 4 thread lengths. In order to facilitate chip removal, a negative inclination angle can also be ground on the cutting cone. Try to choose short taps to increase the rigidity of the taps. The inverted taper part of the tap should be appropriately enlarged compared to the standard to reduce the friction between the tap and the workpiece.

When processing the threaded bottom hole, first rough drill and then use the reaming drill to ream the hole to reduce the work hardening of the bottom hole. For threads with a pitch of 0.7～1.5mm, the size of the bottom hole can be machined to the upper difference of the standard thread bottom hole specified in the national standard and it is allowed to increase by 0.1mm.

If it is not limited by the position of the screw hole and the shape of the workpiece, try to use machine tapping to avoid work hardening caused by uneven feed and stoppage in the manual tapping.
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Titanium plate and titanium alloy are widely used in various ships

The research and application of marine titanium alloys in China began in the 1960s. After more than 50 years of hard work, the research and application level of marine titanium has been greatly improved, and a relatively complete series of marine titanium alloys has been formed, which can meet the requirements of surface ships and water The requirements of different strength levels for submarines and deep submersibles. In my country's marine titanium alloy system, the strength span is relatively large, with a yield strength of 320-1150MPa. Generally speaking, my country divides titanium alloys into low-strength titanium alloys (yield strength below 490MPa), medium-strength titanium alloys (yield strength 500~790MPa), and high-strength titanium alloys (yield strength greater than 800MPa) according to the yield strength grade. Low-strength and medium-strength titanium alloys are mostly α-type and near-α-type low-alloyed titanium alloys, which have good plasticity, easy forming and excellent welding performance. High-strength titanium alloys are generally α ten β-type and metastable (near) β-type titanium alloys, which have high strength and good fracture toughness, but relatively low and medium-strength titanium alloys have low plasticity, cold forming and welding process performance Poor.
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Smelting and casting process of titanium and titanium alloy

The frequency range of sound waves that people’s ears can directly receive is usually 20 Hz to 20 kHz, that is, sound (sound) frequency. The frequency lower than 20 Hz is called infrasound, and the frequency higher than 20 kHz is called ultrasonic. Several megahertz ultrasonics are commonly used in industry to detect flaws. Ultrasonic frequency is high, the propagation is strong, it is easy to propagate in the solid, and it is easy to reflect when it encounters the interface formed by two different media, so that it can be used for flaw detection. Usually the ultrasonic probe is in good contact with the surface of the workpiece to be inspected, the probe can effectively transmit ultrasonic waves to the workpiece, and can receive the ultrasonic waves reflected from the (defect) interface, and at the same time convert it into an electrical signal, and then transmit it to the instrument for processing.

According to the speed of ultrasonic propagation in the medium (often called the speed of sound) and the time of propagation, the location of the defect can be known. When the defect is larger, the reflecting surface is larger, and the reflected energy is also greater. Therefore, the size of each defect (equivalent) can be found based on the reflected energy. Commonly used flaw detection waveforms include longitudinal wave, transverse wave, surface wave, etc. The former two are suitable for detecting internal defects, and the latter is suitable for detecting surface defects, but requires high surface conditions.
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