Titanium alloy is an ideal armor material

The density of titanium alloy is small, the inertia of titanium liquid is small, and the fluidity of titanium liquid is poor, resulting in low casting flow. The temperature difference between the casting temperature and the mold is large, and the cooling rate is fast. The casting is carried out under a protective atmosphere. There are inevitably defects such as pores on the surface and inside of the casting, which have a great impact on the quality of the titanium casting. The following describes the surface treatment methods of titanium alloy parts processing.

1. Removal of the surface reaction layer

The surface reaction layer is the main factor affecting the physical and chemical properties of titanium castings. Before the titanium casting is ground and polished, the surface contamination layer must be thoroughly removed to achieve a satisfactory polishing effect. Pickling after sandblasting can completely remove the surface reaction layer of titanium.

Pickling: Pickling can quickly and completely remove the surface reaction layer, and the surface is not contaminated by other elements. The Hf-hcl system and Hf-hno3 system can be used for pickling titanic acid, but the Hf-hcl system has a large hydrogen absorption capacity, while the Hf-hno3 system has a small hydrogen absorption capacity. The hno3 concentration can be controlled to reduce the hydrogen absorption capacity and the surface can be brightened. . In general, the concentration of HF is about 3% to 5%, and the concentration of HNO3 is about 15% to 30%.

2. Treatment of casting defects

Internal pores and internal defects of the shrinkage cavity: Hot isostatic pressure can be eliminated, but it will affect the accuracy of the denture. X-ray flaw detection is used to remove exposed pores on the surface, and laser repair welding has a better effect. Surface pores can be repaired by laser welding.

Three, polishing

1. Mechanical grinding: Titanium has the characteristics of high chemical reactivity, low thermal conductivity, high viscosity, low mechanical grinding ratio, and easy reaction of abrasive tools. Ordinary abrasives are not suitable for grinding and polishing titanium. You can use super-hard abrasives with good thermal conductivity, such as diamond, cubic boron nitride, etc., and the polishing linear speed is generally 900-1800m/min, otherwise, the titanium surface is prone to grinding burns and micro-cracks.

2. Chemical polishing: Chemical polishing is the purpose of leveling and polishing through the oxidation-reduction reaction of metal in a chemical medium. The advantage is that chemical polishing has nothing to do with metal hardness, polishing area and structure shape. All parts in contact with the polishing liquid are polished without special complicated equipment.

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Precautions for processing titanium alloy parts during processing

Titanium is stable in the air; because titanium has a low density and a high specific strength, the density is only 0.6 that of steel. The strength of pure titanium is almost the same as that of steel, and the alloy strength is nearly twice that of steel. It has excellent high-temperature resistance, low-temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance. characteristic. Titanium is called "space metal". It can maintain high strength and mechanical properties in a wide temperature range of -253℃~500℃. Since the 1950s, the proportion of titanium in aerospace has increased. The larger, titanium alloy is an important material for making rocket engine shells, artificial satellites, and spacecraft.

Titanium maintains its own color tone for life at room temperature, and its unique silver-gray tone is high polished and mercerized. Matte has a very good performance. It is the most suitable jewelry metal except platinum and gold. It is often used in modern foreign jewelry designs. However, due to the high technical requirements for titanium processing, it is difficult to cast it with ordinary equipment, and it is difficult to weld it with ordinary tools, so it is difficult to form a production scale. Titanium is light but extremely strong. It is an internationally popular jewelry material. In terms of design, its minimalist and clean cut, high design and low-key avant-garde style are highly respected by young white-collar workers.

TC4 titanium rod is a special metal. It has low density, light weight, high specific strength, and strong corrosion resistance. It will not turn black like silver, and will maintain its silvery white tone for life at room temperature. TC4 titanium rods and TC4 titanium forgings are often used in aerospace. Military precision parts. In terms of chemical reaction, the strong corrosive "Aqua regia" can swallow silver and gold, and even erode the so-called "stainless" stainless steel. However, the "Aqua regia" has nothing to do with titanium. ! Stainless steel is also added with titanium metal to achieve acid and alkali resistance.

Titanium plate has a unique purpose in medical doctors. When titanium metal comes into contact with substances, there will be no chemical reaction. In other words, because of the high corrosion resistance and stability of titanium, it will not affect its essence after long-term contact with people, so it will not cause human allergies. It is the only one that has no effect on human autonomic nerves and taste. metal. Titanium is also called "biophilic metal". In the bone damage, fix it with a titanium splint and a titanium bone nail. After a few months, the bone will grow on the titanium splint and the thread of the titanium bone nail, and the new muscle will be wrapped in the titanium splint. "Titanium bone" is like real bone, and even titanium artificial bone can be used instead of bone to treat fractures.

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The plastics industry is the second largest user of titanium dioxide

When the hydrogen content in the titanium tube is too high, the brittleness of the titanium tube will reduce the impact of toughness and notched tensile strength of the titanium tube. Therefore, the hydrogen content in titanium pipe joints should not be higher than 0.015%. In order to reduce hydrogen absorption, fingerprints, abrasion marks, grease and other residues should be removed before heat treatment. There is no steam in the heat treatment furnace. When the hydrogen content of the titanium tube is higher than the allowable value, vacuum annealing cleaning is required.

When the temperature is not higher than 540°C, the oxide film will not thicken, but at a higher heat treatment temperature, the oxidation rate of the oxide film will increase, and the internal diffusion layer of the oxide film will become a pollution layer. The oxygen contamination layer has a high brittleness ratio, which causes cracks and damage on the surface of the part. Deoxidation pollution layer includes mechanical processing, pickling, chemical polishing and so on. During heat treatment, the heating time should be shortened as much as possible while protecting the heat treatment. It can also be carried out in a vacuum furnace or an inert gas furnace. The pollution caused by the heating of titanium pipe fittings in the air furnace should be avoided or appropriately reduced.

Features of titanium tube:

1 Corrosion resistance of titanium pipe joints. Titanium is a very active metal with a very low equilibrium potential and a strong tendency to thermodynamic corrosion in the medium. Titanium has good stability and corrosion resistance in oxidizing, neutral and weakly reducing media.

2 Titanium pipe joints have good heat resistance. It can be used for a long time at 600℃ or high temperature.

3Non-magnetic, non-toxic and titanium alloy pipe fittings are non-magnetic metals and will not be magnetized in a large magnetic field.

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Titanium alloy parts processing plays an important role in machinery manufacturing

Small-sized bars of titanium and titanium alloys are generally produced by rolling. However, during heating, rolling, and heat treatment, due to uneven distribution of temperature and plastic workability, as well as shearing, transportation and stacking, etc. Different degrees of bending is often produced. At this time, the titanium rod must pass through the straightening place to ensure that the bending degree of the rod can meet the requirements of use.

The commonly used straightening methods for titanium rod processing include pressure straightening and roller straightening, while small-sized bars generally use roller straightening, which has higher efficiency. However, for small-sized titanium and titanium alloy bars, the desired effect is often still not achieved after repeated straightening, and the problem of direct fracture during the straightening process often occurs.

The room temperature elastic modulus of commonly used titanium and titanium alloys is mostly lower than 120GPa. Therefore, titanium and titanium alloy bars will undergo greater elastic deformation under stress conditions under relatively small rolling production, and the rebound will be large. He plastic is easy to straighten, and the yield ratio of many titanium alloys is between 09-1. For reasons such as straightening, it is easy to break during straightening. Therefore, titanium and titanium alloy bars generally require hot straightening at the over-straightening point to ensure the straightening effect.

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Slitting method for titanium plate and titanium strip

In the application of various titanium alloy products, forgings are mostly used in gas turbine compressor discs and medical artificial bones that require high strength, toughness and high reliability. Therefore, not only high dimensional accuracy is required for forgings, but also materials with excellent characteristics and high stability are required. For this reason, it is necessary to give full play to the characteristics of titanium alloy in the manufacturing process of titanium forgings to obtain high-quality forgings. Titanium alloys are difficult to forge and are prone to cracks. Therefore, the most important thing in the production of titanium alloy forgings is to properly control the forging temperature and plastic deformation.

Application fields of titanium alloy forgings:

1. The field of aerospace

50% of the world's titanium materials are used in the aerospace field. 30% of the body of military aircraft uses titanium alloys, and the amount of titanium used in civil aircraft is gradually increasing. In the aerospace field, titanium alloy forgings are used in the fuel tanks of rocket and satellite propulsion engines, the shell of attitude control engines, the blades of liquid fuel turbopumps and the inlet section of suction pumps.

2. Turbine blades for power generation

Increasing the length of the blades of the steam turbine for thermal power generation is an effective measure to improve the power generation efficiency, but lengthening the blades will increase the load on the rotor.

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Pure titanium and titanium alloy are made into many daily necessities

At present, most of the domestic titanium alloy sheet production still adopts single-piece rolling. Due to the poor low-temperature plasticity of titanium alloys and large cold deformation work hardening, it is extremely difficult to produce thin plates by the monolithic method. In order to make the rolling process go smoothly and reduce the temperature drop of the metal during the forging process, especially to reduce the surface chilling of the blank, the die for forging the titanium alloy needs to be preheated. Otherwise, the temperature drop and surface chilling of the metal will make the metal not fill the mold groove well and may cause many cracks. The die preheating system for titanium alloy forging is usually detachable, but sometimes a heating device installed on a press is also used. The detachable mold heating system is usually a gas heater, which can slowly heat the mold to the required temperature range before the module is assembled into the forging equipment. The heating device fixed on the press usually adopts induction heating or resistance heating. With the expansion of the market, the new technology of superplastic forming and diffusion bonding of titanium alloy sheet has been widely used.

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Titanium alloy is more suitable for spacecraft manufacturing than steel

In the 1980s, the research and application of titanium alloy pipes in the petroleum industry began in foreign countries. Chinese companies have also made certain progress in the development of titanium alloy tubing and casing. The current products have been initially tested in wells. It is believed that in the near future, titanium alloy pipes will have more applications in the petroleum equipment industry, and new breakthroughs will be made in the world industry as soon as possible.

1), lower density

Can significantly reduce the string load, especially ultra-deep oil well pipe.

2), higher strength

Including tensile strength, creep strength, fatigue strength, etc. The specific strength of different materials at different temperatures.

3), excellent corrosion resistance

Excellent seawater corrosion resistance

4) Wide operating temperature range

The operating temperature of conventional titanium alloy ranges from minus 269 ℃ to minus 600 ℃.

5), large elastic deformation capacity

Titanium alloy has high yield strength and low elastic modulus (E), so it is very suitable for springs and other parts, and more importantly, it is suitable for large-reach horizontal wells.

6), lower expansion coefficient

This feature makes petroleum equipment more adaptable to temperature changes and reduces the internal stress of structural parts.

7), non-magnetic

Meet the requirements of the normal use of some detection, communication and control methods in various equipment.

8), better processing performance

Titanium alloy pipes usually have good process properties such as casting, forging, welding, 3D printing, etc., which are often important factors in the selection process of various engineering materials.

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What are the common machining processes for titanium alloys?

 Titanium alloy can obtain different phase composition and structure by adjusting the heat treatment process. It is generally believed that the small equiaxed structure has good plasticity, thermal stability and fatigue strength; the needle-shaped structure has higher endurance strength, creep strength and fracture toughness; the equiaxed and needle-shaped mixed structure has better comprehensive properties.

Commonly used heat treatment methods are annealing, solid solution and aging treatment. Annealing is to eliminate internal stress, improve plasticity and structural stability, and obtain better overall performance. Usually, the annealing temperature of α alloy and (α+β) alloy is selected at 120~200℃ below the (α+β)-→β phase transformation point; the solution and aging treatment are rapid cooling from the high-temperature zone to obtain martensite α′ Phase and meta-stable β-phase, and then keep these meta-stable phases in the middle-temperature zone to decompose, obtain α-phase or compound and other finely dispersed second-phase particles to achieve the purpose of strengthening the alloy. Usually (α+β) alloys are quenched at 40~100℃ below the (α+β)—→β phase transition point, and metastable β alloys are quenched at 40~80℃ above the (α+β)—→β phase transition point. get on. The aging treatment temperature is generally 450~550℃. In addition, in order to meet the special requirements of the workpiece, the industry also uses metal heat treatment processes such as double annealing, isothermal annealing, β heat treatment, and thermomechanical heat treatment.

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Titanium alloy tube installation related precautions

Industrial pure titanium is the most widely used titanium and titanium alloy material due to its low cost and easy production. The α-ti alloy in industrial pure titanium is commonly used in aviation, shipbuilding and chemical industries, and its impurity content has a great influence on its cold workability and the mechanical properties of finished materials. Increasing impurity content can increase the strength of titanium and reduce its plasticity. Once its quality is improperly controlled, the performance of the titanium material will not be guaranteed, and even the titanium ingot or billet cannot be processed into materials, resulting in waste products. This shows that the impurities The element content has a great influence on the mechanical properties of titanium materials.

Therefore, in the production of industrial pure titanium, the impurity content of titanium must be strictly controlled. After the pure titanium material is processed into titanium wires of different specifications, the problem of brittle fracture occurs in the subsequent drawing process. According to the site conditions, there is only a very small amount of titanium ingot forging remaining material and different specifications of the titanium material after processing. Titanium wire specifications range from 47.0, 465.5, 45.0, 44.5, and 03.0. In response to this situation, the failed samples were retrieved according to the method of random sampling and numbered from largest to smallest diameter: a, b, e, d, p. A small amount of titanium ingot forging numbered g was then inspected and analyzed.

 The nature of the brittle fracture problem of titanium wire has a lot to do with its impurity content. Therefore, it is necessary to understand its impurity source. The impurity elements in industrial pure titanium include Fe, S, 0, N, H, etc., and the content of these impurity elements is its finished product. The performance of the material has a greater impact, and once the impurity content is improperly controlled, the performance of the titanium material will not be guaranteed. It is not only difficult to process and even causes the risk of fracture. Due to the high chemical activity of titanium and titanium alloys, during the processing process , It will react violently with the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere to form a dense oxide layer and getter layer, and prevent the re-infiltration and oxidation of gas. Therefore, oxygen is added as an added element during the production of titanium wire.

The nitrogen in the titanium wire mainly comes from several aspects in the preparation process of sponge titanium:

  (1) The residual air in the assembly of the reduction distillation equipment is absorbed by the titanium:

  (2) All nitrogen remaining in the argon gas is sucked into the titanium;

  (3) The gas leaked by the reduction distillation operation and the gas leaked when the negative pressure occurs in the discharge of MC2 and other reactors will increase the nitrogen content of titanium. After the gas leaks, yellow titanium nitride is formed on the surface of the sponge titanium, which is easier to identify.

 According to the above analysis, it can be known that the source of nitrogen in the titanium wire of this failure sample is sponge titanium, so the entry of nitrogen in the subsequent processing can be excluded. On the other hand, from the principle of plastic deformation of metal and related literature, it can be known that the formation of nitrogen atoms and titanium The interstitial solid solution hinders the slip of dislocations, which increases the strength of titanium and decreases its coherence, which affects its room temperature tensile properties. Among the interstitial impurities, the strengthening effect of N is the most obvious.

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Titanium crafts and titanium tableware have been widely used in life

The strength of titanium tube is relatively high, and the strength of ordinary steel is almost the same, even some high-strength titanium alloys are stronger than alloy structural steel. What is the performance of the titanium tube? Let's get to know.

The service temperature of the titanium tube is much higher than that of the aluminum alloy, and it can maintain a certain strength in a medium temperature environment. Titanium alloy works in a humid environment or in seawater, and its corrosion resistance is much better than stainless steel. And its corrosion resistance is also very strong, can resist alkali, chloride, chlorine organic substances, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and other corrosive substances.

But titanium also has disadvantages, that is, poor corrosion resistance to reducing oxygen and chromium salt media. The mechanical properties of titanium alloy can still be maintained at low and ultra-low temperature.

Generally speaking, aluminum alloy or stainless steel is easily confused with titanium, which is simply oxidation corrosion. Aluminum alloy is not corrosion-resistant, stainless steel is corrosion-resistant, stronger than aluminum alloy, and titanium alloy is completely corrosion-resistant. Secondly, high-temperature oxidation method and heating and dissolution method can be distinguished.

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The forming process of titanium rod and titanium alloy rod under hot extrusion

Titanium rods and titanium alloy rod blanks have low thermal conductivity, which will cause a great temperature difference between the surface layer and the inner layer during hot extrusion. When the temperature of the extrusion cylinder is 400 degrees, the temperature difference can reach 200 to 250 degrees. Under the combined influence of suction strengthening and the large temperature difference of the blank section, the metal on the surface and the center of the blank produces very different strength and plastic properties, which will cause very uneven deformation during the extrusion process. Large additional tensile stress is generated in the extruded product, which becomes the source of cracks and cracks on the surface of the extruded product. The hot extrusion process of titanium rods and titanium alloy rod products is more complicated than the extrusion process of aluminum alloy, copper alloy, and even steel, which is determined by the special physical and chemical properties of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods.

Industrial titanium alloy metal flow kinetics research shows that in the temperature zone corresponding to the different phase states of each alloy, the metal flow behavior is greatly different. Therefore, one of the main factors affecting the extrusion flow characteristics of titanium rods and titanium alloy rods is the heating temperature of the blank that determines the state of the metal phase transformation. Extrusion at the temperature of a or a+P phase zone compares with extrusion at the temperature of p phase zone, the metal flow is more uniform. It is very difficult to obtain high surface quality for extruded products. So far, the extrusion process of titanium alloy rods must use lubricants. The main reason is that titanium will form a fusible eutectic with iron-based or nickel-based alloy mold materials at temperatures of 980 degrees and 1030 degrees, which will cause the mold to wear strongly.

 The main factors affecting metal flow during extrusion:

(1) Extrusion method. Reverse extrusion is more uniform than forward extrusion, cold extrusion is more uniform than hot extrusion, and lubricated extrusion is more uniform than non-lubricated extrusion. The influence of the extrusion method is realized by changing the friction conditions.

(2) Extrusion speed. As the extrusion speed increases, the unevenness of the metal flow increases.

(3) Extrusion temperature. When the extrusion temperature increases and the deformation resistance of the blank decreases, the uneven flow of the metal increases. During the extrusion process, if the heating temperature of the extrusion cylinder and the mold is too low, and the metal temperature difference between the outer layer and the center layer is large, the unevenness of the metal flow will increase. The better the thermal conductivity of the metal, the more uniform the temperature distribution on the end surface of the ingot.

(4) Metal strength. When other conditions are the same, the higher the metal strength, the more uniform the metal flow.

(5) Die angle. The larger the die angle "(that is, the angle between the end face of the die and the central axis), the more uneven the metal fluidity. When using porous die extrusion, the die hole arrangement is reasonable, and the metal flow tends to be uniform.

(6) Degree of deformation. If the degree of deformation is too large or too small, the metal will flow unevenly.

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