Titanium tube cooler technology at home and abroad

Most of the manufacturing processes of titanium tube high-efficiency air coolers abroad use zinc immersion process. 

Since the titanium tube and the heat sink are not expanded (interference), the gap between the titanium tube and the heat sink is large, which has a large transmission Thermal resistance, compared with the same manufacturing process, it can be seen that the heat transfer resistance of this process is 15 ~ 25% greater than the internal expansion, that is, the heat transfer coefficient of the air cooler is reduced by 10 ~ 15%.

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Background of application of titanium and alloy materials in the ocean

As we all know, the area of ​​the ocean occupies 70% of the earth ’s area. The ocean contains abundant resources, including the marine fish we eat daily, industrial oil and gas resources, the use of energy contained in the alternating sea tides, and many deep seas to be explored. Creatures and resources in unknown areas. Being able to use the ocean efficiently will be the greatest wealth of mankind. However, in the process of marine development and exploration, the problems of high salt content, biological pollution, and corrosiveness of seawater have caused us a lot of troubles on the earth. The advantages of titanium and titanium alloy materials have prominent application prospects in the marine field. come out.

Titanium is a material with excellent physical properties and stable chemical properties. Titanium and its alloys have high strength, small specific gravity, and are resistant to seawater corrosion and marine atmosphere corrosion, which can well meet the requirements of people in marine engineering. After years of hard work by titanium industry personnel and marine engineering application researchers, titanium has been widely used in the fields of marine oil and gas development, seaport construction, coastal power stations, seawater desalination, ships, marine fisheries, and marine thermal energy conversion. Now, titanium for marine engineering has become one of the main fields of titanium civilian applications.

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Precautions for installation, use, welding, transportation and maintenance of titanium tubes.

Titanium tube, titanium alloy tube maintenance and storage:
1. Titanium alloy pipes and elbows should be regularly inspected to keep the surface clean, remove dirt, and store them in a ventilated place indoors, not stacked or stored in the open air.
2. The ball valves, stop valves and gate valves of titanium alloy pipe elbows are only fully opened or fully closed, and are not allowed to adjust the flow rate to prevent the sealing surface from being eroded and accelerated wear.

3. The gate valve and the upper thread prevent the valve from having reverse sealing equipment. The hand wheel is turned to the surface of the uppermost head to ensure that it will not rust and fall. Keep the titanium pipe fittings such as titanium alloy pipes, titanium elbows, titanium heads, and titanium tees dry and ventilated. Keep the surfaces of pipes and fittings clean and neat, and store them accurately.

Matters needing attention in the installation and transportation of titanium pipes and fittings:
1. Installation of titanium and titanium alloy pipes When transporting and depositing titanium and titanium alloy pipes, titanium pipe manufacturers should take care not to contact or collide with ferrous materials.
2. The cutting method of titanium and titanium alloy tubes should be mechanical, and the cutting speed should be low speed. When cutting or grinding titanium tubes, special grinding wheels should be used; flame cutting should not be used. The groove should be processed by mechanical methods.
3. Welding of titanium alloy welded pipe should use inert gas shielded welding or vacuum welding. Oxygen-acetylene welding or carbon dioxide gas shielded welding cannot be used, nor can ordinary manual arc welding be used.
4. When installing titanium and titanium alloy pipes, iron tools and materials shall not be used to knock and squeeze; between the carbon steel supports, hangers and titanium and titanium alloy pipes, rubber plates or soft plastic plates shall be inserted to make them Do not directly contact with titanium and titanium alloy pipelines; when passing through walls and floor slabs, the titanium and titanium alloy pipelines should be installed with a sleeve, the gap should not be less than 10mm, and the insulation should be filled, and the insulation should not contain iron impurities.

5. Titanium and titanium alloy pipes should not be directly welded to other metal pipes. When connection is needed, loose flange connection can be used. The non-metal gasket used is generally rubber or plastic, and the chloride ion content should not exceed 25ppm

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Titanium tube processing technology optimization

Seamless titanium tubes are widely used in the chemical industry. The thinner the tube wall thickness, the higher the heat exchange efficiency. $ 89mmX2mm is a large-diameter, thin-walled pipe, which has the problems of low production efficiency and low yield rate in the production process.

The general production process of $ 89mmX2mm pipe is: extruding billet, LG90 rolling mill blanking, LD120 rolling mill finished product, LG90 rolling mill can perform large diameter reduction and wall reduction processing, and the dimensional accuracy after rolling is low; Due to the limitation of shape, only small diameter reduction and wall reduction can be performed, but the dimensional accuracy after rolling is high. The company has LD120 rolling mill and LG60 rolling mill. The LG60 rolling mill has smaller rolling specifications than LG90 rolling mill and cannot meet the requirements of conventional processes. The current process is to use a 20000kN extruder to squeeze $ 108mmX8mm tube billet and then use LD120 rolling mill Secondary rolling. This process has a low yield rate due to the large drilling loss during the extrusion of the tube billet. More importantly, because the rolling process uses all LD120 rolling mills, the previous pass must be rolled on the LD120 rolling mill before rolling. The finished product passes so that the production efficiency is particularly low and can not meet the requirements of the construction period. Therefore, the existing process must be optimized on the basis of using existing equipment and moulds.

The setting of the rolling process route is generally from the finished product specification to the reverse design of the tube billet before the design, and it is necessary to ensure that the inner hole size of the titanium exhaust tubing billet in the previous pass is smaller than the diameter of the mandrel used in the next pass rolling Large 1 2mm. To adopt multi-pass rolling processing, in order to improve production efficiency, the optimized plan cannot use the same type of equipment for continuous processing. The optimized process plan shall ensure that the finished product rate of the pipe shall not be lower than the original process, nor shall it add additional costs, and shall not exceed the limit of the deformation rate of the material pass processing.

(1) After checking the extrusion ratio, rolling force and bending stress of the roll, it is found that the better production process of the titanium threaded tube of $ 89mmX2mm is: using the billet of $ 106mmX8mm, which is cooled twice by the LG60 and LD120 rolling mills Roll out the finished product.

(2) After process optimization, the loss of raw materials is reduced by about 1%, the number of rolling passes is reduced by 1 time, the utilization rate of equipment resources is significantly improved, the wear of the mould is reduced, and the production efficiency is increased by 3 times.

What should be paid attention to when heat treatment of titanium plate parts?

1. Before heat treatment, oil stains, paints, fingerprints and other foreign objects (rag wire, fine iron scraps, etc.) on the surface of the parts should be cleaned, otherwise, it will easily cause pollution during heating and affect the performance of the parts. In particular, the danger of fingerprints should be pointed out. The high-temperature test shows that when the sample is stressed and comes into contact with pure NaCl, the sample will crack, which is the result of hot salt stress corrosion. In 1955, it was found that the Ti-6Al-4V alloy sample after creeping test at 371 ℃ had surface cracks. Through research and analysis, it is determined that the appearance of these cracks is usually related to fingerprints. Since handprints are harmful to the workpiece, you should avoid direct contact between your fingers and the workpiece during operation. You must wear clean white gloves when taking parts at room temperature. In addition, titanium alloys cannot be processed in the same furnace as aluminium, copper, etc., nor can they be processed in the same tray.

2. The parts are heated to a higher temperature during heat treatment and maintained at a high temperature for a certain period of time. Because the material in the heated state is soft and easily deformed, the position of the parts on the tray or bracket is very important. If the tray itself is not flat, it will cause the parts to deform. If a heat treatment jig is used to improve the deformation of the part, the expansion of the part and the jig after heating should be considered.

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Flame retardant titanium alloy

Conventional titanium alloys have a tendency to burn alkanes under certain conditions, which greatly limits their application. In response to this situation, countries have launched research on flame retardant titanium alloys and made some breakthroughs. Alloy c (also known as T with a nominal composition of 50Ti-35v-15Cr (mass fraction)) developed by Qiang Guo is a flame-retardant titanium alloy that is insensitive to continuous combustion and has been used in F119 engines. BTT-1 and BTT -3 is a flame-retardant titanium alloy developed in Russia, all of which are Ti-Cu-Al series alloys, which have very good thermal deformation process performance, and can be used to make complex parts.

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Development of pure titanium sheet with excellent surface manufacturability for building materials

In the beach area, titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, and lightweight, suitable for use as the roof and outer wall materials of buildings, so pure titanium thin plates are used in buildings around the world. Why use titanium as the roof and outer wall? This is because titanium not only has excellent corrosion resistance but also its design, environmental harmony, and other landscapes are also very important, that is, to pursue craftsmanship: ① various surface finishing according to needs; ② atmospheric environment

Improved technology for resistance to discoloration in ③; ③Development of a technique for suppressing depression caused by rolling;

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Explosive welding test of titanium steel composite board and titanium copper composite board

Explosive welding technology is used to realize the welding and forming of thin-walled titanium tubes and tube sheets, which not only improves production efficiency and reduces processing costs, but also improves the service life of heat exchangers and safe production, so it has important industrial application value. At the same time, through the optimization and precise control of test charge parameters, it is expected that an explosion welding molding workshop will be built inside the factory, which will greatly reduce production costs.

Using explosive welding forming process, compared with the above various tube expansion technologies, it has the following outstanding advantages:

(1) Because explosive welding is a special type of pressure welding, it is possible to achieve welding between zirconium and titanium pipes and special-shaped metals such as steel that cannot be achieved by conventional welding and tube expansion methods;

(2) Because the explosive welding interface belongs to the solid phase combination between atoms, the welding strength between the heat exchanger tube and the tube plate of the heat exchanger is high, which not only ensures the safety of the heat exchanger but also greatly improves the heat exchanger Service life

(3) Since explosive welding can achieve simultaneous-detonation at multiple points, the productivity is high, and all tubes and tube sheets of a heat exchanger can be welded and formed at a time.

Titanium tube-tube sheet explosive welding forming involves the simultaneous multi-point explosive welding forming of rare metal thin-walled long pipe fittings and tube sheets and the microscopic analysis of the interface.

Titanium tube-tube sheet explosive welding has the following key technologies to be solved:

(1) When titanium/steel is used for explosive welding, if the charge parameter control is not good, it is easy to cause high temperatures of the interface and intermetallic compounds are generated at the interface, which will greatly reduce the heat transfer effect of the composite tube. Therefore, the explosive welding charge process of internal heat exchange titanium tube or zirconium tube is one of the keys to successful explosive welding.

(2) Generally speaking, the wall thickness of the outer tube and the inner tube of the composite tube is only 1 ~ 2mm. Ultra-thin metal composite materials, especially ultra-thin pipes, are prone to cracks or even break during the explosion welding process. Therefore, the detonation speed and the thickness of the charge must be accurately controlled.

(3) The seawater corrosion-resistant high-efficiency composite tube must not only save rare metal materials but also achieve efficient heat transfer. The key to efficient heat transfer is that the combined interface of the composite tube must be an excellent micro-wave interface, and the formation of the micro-wave interface Accurate optimization and design of charging parameters are required.

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Titanium alloy polishing method-abrasive

(1) Fine grinding

That is, the surface of titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings is ground by using various types of emery rubber wheels. The problem that should be paid attention to when grinding is still not to make the casting produce heat, which can not cause grinding damage on the surface of the casting, and make the entire surface reach

To smooth.

(2) Barrel grinding method

The so-called barrel grinding method is to put the processed castings, abrasives, water and additives into the barrel grinding tank. The grinding barrel generates rotation and vibration, which causes friction between the mixture of abrasives and the processed castings.

Grinding is smooth and smooth. It is characterized by no dust pollution, low labor intensity, and no heat generation during conventional grinding. At present, Japan has commercialized barrel grinders and used for casting titanium and titanium alloys

Abrasives for grinding of metal parts, other metal castings and plastics are sold. Tests have confirmed that the pk series abrasives have the highest grinding efficiency, but the surface roughness is also the highest. The grinding efficiency of SA and B series abrasives is not

Like PK, but the surface smoothness of the titanium casting after grinding is the highest. At present, the Fourth Military Medical University has successfully developed the first dental barrel grinder in China.

(3) Mechanical polishing method

Use different specifications of soft cloth wheel or black brush, dipped with titanium and titanium alloy special polishing paste to polish the surface of titanium and titanium alloy. When polishing titanium castings, the contamination layer on the casting surface must be completely clear

And no new abrasive hardened layer occurs, the ideal polishing effect will not be achieved. High speed and light pressure are still used during polishing. The author has also tested the use of green polishing paste to polish titanium and titanium alloy castings,

A better polishing effect has been achieved. The polished titanium and titanium-containing alloy castings cannot be washed immediately. It must be washed after the surface oxide film is completely formed, otherwise the surface will become dark.

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What are the problems that titanium tubes have to deal with at power stations?

From an economic point of view, the price of a titanium tube for a 1000Mw condenser nuclear power unit (about 50,000 condenser tubes is required) is taken as an example. According to the use time of the condenser for 40 years, the average aluminum brass tube There are 10 leaks per year, and the titanium tube has no leaks within 40 years. Through a large number of tests and application examples, it has been proved that the use of titanium tubes in power station condensers has great technical and economic advantages. Here are three problems to be solved when titanium tubes are used in power stations :
1. Corrosion issues
The condenser of the power station uses seawater as cooling water. Because seawater contains a large amount of sediment, suspended matter, marine life, and various corrosive substances. The situation is more serious in brackish water where seawater and river water alternately change. Traditionally used corrosion methods of copper-plated gold tubes are comprehensive corrosion (uniform corrosion), erosion, erosion, and stress corrosion. Because titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, the seawater leakage accidents caused by corrosion of titanium tube condensers have been Eliminate, however, because of the good corrosion resistance of titanium tubes, unlike copper alloy tubes, a toxic substance is not produced on the surface. Therefore, it is easy for sea creatures to adhere to the inner wall of the titanium tube, which affects the heat transfer effect, so it must be There is a corresponding cleaning device.
2. The problem of hydrogen absorption
Although the surface of the titanium material has a dense passivation film, it is very resistant to corrosion in many strong corrosive media, but due to the large affinity of titanium and hydrogen. It is very easy to absorb hydrogen. It occurs at normal temperature and at high temperature (such as 100 ℃) Absorb hydrogen quickly. The solid melting limit of hydrogen in titanium is very small (about 20ppm). If it exceeds the limit, hydride (TtH2) will be precipitated on the titanium surface. With the increase of the surface TiH2, the impact value and elongation of titanium decrease rapidly. In addition, during the transformation of the old unit, because the tube sheet is a copper alloy, the condenser tube is made of titanium, which requires the use of a cathodic protection device to prevent electrochemical corrosion. For example, the condenser of Hitachi Power Plant uses seawater cooling, and the titanium tube and copper alloy The plates form a galvanic couple. When the protection potential is lower than 0.75 v (ScE), the titanium end of the outlet absorbs hydrogen. The hydrogen content reaches 650 ppm in one year; if the potential is selected from 0.5 to O.75 v (scE), the Titanium will not absorb hydrogen at room temperature "
3. Vibration problem
Due to the good corrosion resistance of the titanium tube, the titanium condenser will not be damaged due to corrosion, but the titanium tube may be damaged due to vibration. To avoid the vibration problem of the titanium tube, when manufacturing the barrier titanium condenser, Therefore, it is necessary to determine the adaptable spacer spacing; when retrofitting an old unit, it is necessary to check whether the original spacer spacing is suitable for titanium tubes.
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What are the main performance requirements of titanium targets?

Titanium tube target is made of purity is one of the main performance indicators of the target material, because the purity of the target material greatly affects the performance of the thin film. So, what are the main performance requirements of titanium targets? The following is introduced by titanium tube target manufacturers.

Purity is one of the m

ain performance indicators of the target because the purity of the target has a great influence on the performance of the film. However, in practical applications, the purity requirements of the target materials are also different. For example, with the rapid development of the microelectronics industry, the size of silicon wafers has grown from 6 ", 8" to 12 ", while the wiring width has been reduced from 0.5um to 0.25um, 0.18um or even 0.13um, and the previous target purity of 99.995% Can meet the technical requirements of 0.35umIC, and the preparation of 0.18um lines requires 99.999% or even 99.9999% for the purity of the target material.

Impurities in the target solid and oxygen and water vapor in the pores are the main sources of pollution for the deposited film. Different targets have different requirements for different impurity contents. For example, pure aluminum and aluminum alloy targets used in the semiconductor industry have special requirements for alkali metal content and radioactive element content.

In order to reduce the pores in the solids of the target and improve the performance of the sputtered film, the target is usually required to have a higher density. The density of the target not only affects the sputtering rate but also affects the electrical and optical properties of the film. The higher the target density, the better the film performance. In addition, increasing the density and strength of the target allows the target to better withstand the thermal stress during sputtering. Density is also one of the key performance indicators of the target.

The main performance requirements of titanium targets

Grain size and grain size distribution

The target material is usually polycrystalline, and the grain size can be on the order of microns to millimeters. For the same target material, the sputtering rate of a target with fine grains is faster than that of a target with coarse grains; and the thickness distribution of the film deposited by sputtering with a target with a small difference in grain size (uniform distribution) is more uniform.
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